Statistics in Science The Foundations of Statistical Methods in Biol
An inference may be defined as a passage of thought according to some method. In the theory of knowledge it is customary to distinguish deductive and non-deductive inferences. Deductive inferences are truth preserving, that is, the truth of the premises i
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BOSTON STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Editor ROBERT S. COHEN, Boston University
Editorial Advisory Board ADOLF GRUNBAUM, University of Pittsburgh SYLVAN S. SCHWEBER, Brandeis University JOHN J. STACHEL, Boston University MARX W. WARTOFSKY, Baruch College of
the City University ofNew York
VOLUME 122
STATISTICS IN SCIENCE The Foundations of Statistical Methods in Biology, Physics and Economics Edited by
ROGER COOKE Department of Mathematics, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
and
DOMENICO COSTANTINI Institute of Statistics, University of Genoa, Italy
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Statistics in science the foundations of statistical methods in biology. phYS1CS. and economlCS I edited by Roger Cooke. Domenico Costantlni. p. cm. -- (Boston studies in the phi losophy of science) Proceedings of the Internatlonal Conference on Statistics. held in Luino. Italy; organized by the Societa italiana di logica e f 11 osof i a de 11 a sc 1enza and the 1st 1tuto Ludov 1co Geymonat. 1. Research--Statistical methods--Congresses. 2. Science-Statistical methods--Congresses. I. Cooke. Roger. II. Constantini. Domenico. III. International Conference on StatlStlCS (LUlno. Italy) IV. Socleta ltaliana di loglca e fliosofia oel'la SClenza. V. IStltUtO Ludovico Geymonat. VI. Serles.
Q18C.55.S7S73 1990 001.4'22--oc20
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-6765-2 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-0619-8
90-36340
e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-0619-8
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322. 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 1990 by Kluwer Academic Publishers Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Vll
LORENZ KRUGER / Method, Theory, and Statistics: The Lesson of Physics
1
ABNER SHIMONY / The Theory of Natural Selection as a Null Theory
15
MARIA CARLA GALAVOTTI and GUIDO GAMBETIA / Causality and Exogeneity in econometric models
27
ROGER M. COOKE / Statistics in Expert Resolution: A Theory of Weights for Combining Expert Opinion
41
ETIORE MARUBINI / Short and Long Term Survival Analysis in Oncological Research
73
T. CALINSKI, E. OTIAVIANO and M. SARI GORLA / A Statistical Approach to the Study of Pollen Fitness
89
ALBERTO PIAZZA / Statistics in Genetics: Human Migrations Detected by Multivariate Technique
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