Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles and their Potential to Contribute to the Repair of Damaged CNS Cells
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles and their Potential to Contribute to the Repair of Damaged CNS Cells Heather Branscome 1,2 & Siddhartha Paul 3 & Pooja Khatkar 1 & Yuriy Kim 1 & Robert A. Barclay 1 & Daniel O. Pinto 1 & Dezhong Yin 3 & Weidong Zhou 4 & Lance A. Liotta 4 & Nazira El-Hage 5 & Fatah Kashanchi 1 Received: 17 February 2019 / Accepted: 10 July 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Neurological diseases and disorders are leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Many of these pathologies are associated with high levels of neuroinflammation and irreparable tissue damage. As the global burden of these pathologies continues to rise there is a significant need for the development of novel therapeutics. Due to their multipotent properties, stem cells have broad applications for tissue repair; additionally, stem cells have been shown to possess both immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties. It is now believed that paracrine factors, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), play a critical role in the functionality associated with stem cells. The diverse biological cargo contained within EVs are proposed to mediate these effects and, to date, the reparative and regenerative effects of stem cell EVs have been demonstrated in a wide range of cell types. While a high potential for their therapeutic use exists, there is a gap of knowledge surrounding their characterization, mechanisms of action, and how they may regulate cells of the CNS. Here, we report the isolation, characterization, and functional assessment of EVs from two sources of human stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. We demonstrate the ability of these EVs to enhance the processes of cellular migration and angiogenesis, which are critical for both normal cellular development as well as cellular repair. Furthermore, we investigate their reparative effects on damaged cells, specifically those with relevance to the central nervous system. Collectively, our data highlight the similarities and differences among these EV populations and support the view that stem cells EV can be used to repair or partially reverse cellular damage.
Keywords Induced pluripotent stem cells . Mesenchymal stem cells . Extracellular vesicles . CNS . Astrocytes
Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-019-09865-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Fatah Kashanchi [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Discovery Hall Room 182, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
2
American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA, USA
3
ATCC Cell Systems, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
4
Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
5
Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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