Step-Instruction Technology to Help People with Intellectual and Other Disabilities Perform Multistep Tasks: a Literatur
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Step-Instruction Technology to Help People with Intellectual and Other Disabilities Perform Multistep Tasks: a Literature Review Lorenzo Desideri 1 & Giulio Lancioni 2 & Massimiliano Malavasi 3 & Arianna Gherardini 3 & Lisa Cesario 3 Accepted: 9 November 2020/ # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract One of the main objectives for people with intellectual disability (with or without other disabilities) is the ability to perform multistep activities (e.g. preparing a sandwich) without external help from a caregiver. This paper provides a review of studies that evaluated technology systems to teach or support people with intellectual and other disabilities to carry out multistep functional activities through the presentation of single-step instructions. A literature search was performed for English language articles indexed in PubMed, PsycINFO and Web of Science. A narrative synthesis of the articles selected was provided together with a quantitative estimate of the effectiveness of their technology-aided interventions. The latter was carried out via the Percent of Nonoverlapping Data (PND) method. Twenty-six articles met inclusion criteria, with most studies following a single-subject research design (n = 25). The technologies identified were grouped into three categories (self-operated, automatic, and intelligent). Overall, the results are encouraging in that most of the technology solutions reviewed led to positive outcomes in terms of increasing independence of people with intellectual disability in performing relevant multistep activities (average PND score = 96.3%). This review highlights that technology systems designed to present single-step instructions can be effective in teaching or supporting the independent performance of multistep activities by people with intellectual disability with or without other disabilities. Only minimal research exists on development and use of intelligent systems. Keywords Intellectual disability . Multiple disabilities . Prompting . Multistep . Assistive
technology People with intellectual disabilities with or without other disabilities (e.g., motor and sensory impairments) may need constant support to initiate and complete tasks with * Lorenzo Desideri [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities
multiple steps, such as washing dishes or assembling objects (Ayres et al. 2013; Dusseljee et al. 2011; Smith et al. 2015). Specifically, they may encounter difficulties related to (a) learning the correct sequence of steps necessary to complete the designated activities, and (b) remembering those steps and carrying them out independently (Mechling 2007; Spriggs et al. 2017). The consequence of such difficulties is that people tend to be functionally engaged only when support from caregivers (e.g. parents and staff) is available (Spriggs et al. 2017; Vilaseca et al. 2017). Dependence on others may exacerbate their level of passivity, with ne
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