Stomach Cancer
Stomach cancer (SC) is one of the most frequent forms of malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. About one million persons develop SC annually in the world. In the Russian Federation SC is the third most common among all oncological diseases, afte
- PDF / 259,191 Bytes
- 7 Pages / 439.37 x 666.14 pts Page_size
- 49 Downloads / 178 Views
Stomach Cancer
Stomach cancer (SC) is one of the most frequent forms of malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. About one million persons develop SC annually in the world. In the Russian Federation SC is the third most common among all oncological diseases, after lung cancer and skin cancer. It is most often older people (50– 60 years old) who develop SC. Up to 25% of registered SC cases fall in the age range of 40–50 years (Merabishvili 2006). The etiology of this disease still remains unknown. However, the results of experimental studies and data of epidemiological research have revealed some predisposing factors as well as precancerous states. Among predisposing factors leading to SC, there are: diet with excess of common salt provoking osmotic lesion of epithelium and facilitating contamination of mucous membrane with Helicobacter pylori bacteria, smoking, regular use of alcohol and hereditary susceptibility to carcinogenic influence. The main precancerous diseases are chronic gastritis, stomach polyposis and chronic ulcer (Gantsev 2004). At the beginning of development of SC, clinical symptoms are extremely diverse and marked pathognomonic signs are absent. Disease manifestations are usually limited to generalized symptoms: weakness, lower ability to work, lowering or loss of appetite, gastric discomfort, progressing apparently causeless weight loss. Late symptoms entirely depend on the anatomic situation of the tumor, form of the mass and its rate of growth and metastasis. In cancer of the antral section, for example, a sense of repletion, bitter eructation, and vomiting just after having eaten food are characteristic. As the tumor grows, these symptoms increase too. Cancer of the cardiac part does not manifest itself for a long time and occurrences of dysphagia appear only as the stomach entry narrows and the tumor process expands to the oesophagus. In cancer of the body of the stomach, weakness, anemia, lowering of appetite and depression come to the foreground. Stenosis occurrences and marked painful sensations appear in case of significant tumor dissemination when the tumor expands to the antral or cardiac sections of the stomach. Long asymptomatic course is also characteristic of cancer of the fundus of the stomach. Clinical manifestations appear only when the diaphragm and pleura are affected by tumor (Vazhenin et al. 2003; Shalimov et al. 2000). A. Granov et al. (eds.), Positron Emission Tomography, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-21120-1_7, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
95
96
7.1
7
Stomach Cancer
Pathological Anatomy and Mechanisms of Metastases
The classification put forward by Bormann in 1926 has received the widest use for morphological characteristics of SC. It distinguishes four anatomical types of SC: Type 1 – polypoid and fungoid circumscribed cancer with exophytic growth. Type 2 – cup-shaped and saucer-shaped cancer with clearly contoured boundaries and cylinder-like raised edges, which is considered as destructive form of polypoid cancer. Type 3 – ulcerous-infiltrative, ulce
Data Loading...
