Stranding of Marine Animals: Effects of Environmental Variables
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Stranding of Marine Animals: Effects of Environmental Variables Bruna Kist Brusius1, Ronald Buss de Souza2 and Edison Barbieri3 1 Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil 2 National Institute for Space Research, Center for Weather Forecast and Climate Studies, São José dos Campos, Brazil 3 Instituto de Pesca - Governo do Estado de São Paulo Mariculture Division, São Paulo, Brazil
intensify marine currents, and cause the heating or cooling of sea surface temperatures (Tavares et al. 2016; Melo 2017). These events may affect the survival of a species due to exhaustion, which influences the displacement of individuals and their search for food, as well as the arrival of these animals on the beaches by drifting carcasses (Barbieri et al. 2007). The study of these stranded animals may provide the necessary knowledge to direct conservation efforts and provide data for assessing the mortality rate of taxonomic groups, causes of death, seasonality of events, and associations with oceanographic, meteorological, and anthropogenic variables.
Definitions Introduction Stranded is the term used to refer to a marine animal found on land that does not have the ability to return to the sea (Branco et al. 2015). Stranded marine animals are often observed on beaches around the world, and the reasons for this are varied, ranging from anthropic and fishery interaction to disease, marine pollution, and even due to the occurrence of storms (Barbieri 2009a, b). There are studies that attempt to investigate which are the factors more determinants for the marine animals that end up dead on the beaches. The stranding monitoring is a useful tool to know and learn more about the species and their relationship with the environment. Meteorological and oceanographic phenomena can generate intense winds and wave heights above normal,
The stranding of marine animals and seabirds is a reality on beaches around the world. This term is used to describe animals that are dead or physically unable to return to the sea or continue their flying over of it (Geraci and Lounsbury 2005). The presence of beached animals requires three main conditions: species presence, mortality of individuals, and the ability of bodies to drift. It is necessary to understand that in many species, mainly oceanic ones, there is a difficulty in observing the animals in their natural habitat. Thus, monitoring the mortality of these individuals becomes impractical, and many populations have their mortality rates based on the deposition of their carcasses along the beaches (Tavares et al.
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 W. Leal Filho et al. (eds.), Life Below Water, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_102-1
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Stranding of Marine Animals: Effects of Environmental Variables
Stranding of Marine Animals: Effects of Environmental Variables, Fig. 1 Examples of turtle individuals of different species found dead at the Ilha Comprida beach, São Paulo State, Brazil (a – Caretta carretta and b – Chelonia mydas)
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