Stratification, Rollover and Handling of LNG, LPG and Other Cryogenic Liquid Mixtures
This short, practical book offers advice on the safe storage, handling and transportation of liquid natural gas (LNG), liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and other cryogenic fluid mixtures. It begins with a review of the physical properties of LNG and LPG, a
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Ralph G. Scurlock
Stratification, Rollover and Handling of LNG, LPG and Other Cryogenic Liquid Mixtures 123
SpringerBriefs in Energy
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8903
Ralph G. Scurlock
Stratification, Rollover and Handling of LNG, LPG and Other Cryogenic Liquid Mixtures
Ralph G. Scurlock University of Southampton Southampton, UK
ISSN 2191-5520 ISSN 2191-5539 (electronic) SpringerBriefs in Energy ISBN 978-3-319-20695-0 ISBN 978-3-319-20696-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-20696-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015951092 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
My interest and experience in cryogenic engineering began in the early 1960s when we set up the first postgraduate training course on “Cryogenics and Its Applications”. At that time, cryogenics meant LOX, LIN, LH2 and LHe. This course was developed to involve industry in the teaching and the hands-on demonstrations, together with a 3-month project in industry for all the students in participating companies. Very soon, we found the project work was taking us into 3-year Ph.D. research programmes on a wide range of interdisciplinary topics, together with expanding into higher temperatures within the world of hydrocarbons, using a purpose-build LNG Safety Laboratory. This expansion was also taking us into the new territory of irreversible thermodynamics and the extraordinary properties of cryogenic liquid mixtures. LNG was one of these mixtures, but not the only one or the first one we met. At that time (1960), LPGs with normal boiling points between −40 and −2 °C were being developed as an industrial fuel by liquefying the gas being flared off at refineries and oil wells. We were soon introduced to the problems of handling LPGs in bulk and surprised to
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