Stream flow modeling using SWAT model and the model performance evaluation in Toba sub-watershed, Ethiopia
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Stream flow modeling using SWAT model and the model performance evaluation in Toba sub‑watershed, Ethiopia Fayera Gudu Tufa1 · Chala Hailu Sime1 Received: 8 May 2020 / Accepted: 3 November 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Streamflow modeling is essential in developing long-term water resource management plans. Especially in the inaccessible area like Toba sub-watershed, Ethiopia, modeling is an alternative means of obtaining streamflow data. Knowing of the hydrological response of a watershed would help to resolve potential water resources problems associated with floods, droughts, and availability of water for irrigation, hydropower, domestic and industrial use, and to develop the adaptation and preparedness strategies to meet these challenges, in case of their occurrence. In the present study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (ArcSWAT version 2012) model was used to simulate streamflow from Toba sub-watershed located in the southwest part of Ethiopia. The model Sensitivity analysis, calibration, and validation made using a sequential uncertainty fitting (SUFI-2) method of the ArcSWAT Calibration Uncertainty program known as SWAT-CUP2012. Groundwater delay (GW_DELAY) and curve number (CN2) were the first and the second most sensitive parameters. Calibration and validation results indicated a good much between the measured and simulated streamflow data with R2, 0.82 and 0.70 and NSE, 0.72, and 0.68, respectively. The mean monthly stream simulated at Toba station was 58.71m3/s and 55.91m3/s during calibration and validation, respectively, and the mean annual runoff of the Toba river was 434.38 mm. Keywords Toba sub-watershed · Streamflow · ArcSWAT model · SWAT-CUP
Introduction The total surface water resources in Ethiopia are estimated to be 122 BCM (billion cubic meters) per year, and the country has 12 river basins and 22 lakes. The Ethiopia country has groundwater resources potential estimated at 30 BCM (Berhanu et al. 2014). The country has enormous potential water resources and 3.7 million hectares of irrigable land that can be developed and utilized for agricultural production (Awulachew et al. 2007). However, the spatial and temporal occurrences of both surface water resources and groundwater resources within most watersheds, including Toba sub-watershed, have not been properly known for proper planning and management to be significant. Streamflow data at sub-watershed are essential to allocate water for irrigation, hydropower, and water supply in that particular * Fayera Gudu Tufa [email protected] 1
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, P.O. Box: 378, Jimma, Oromia State, Ethiopia
watershed. In Ethiopia, lack of measured streamflow data is a great challenge in developing watershed for various purposes (Adgolign et al. 2016). An alternative means of getting streamflow data is simulating using hydrological models. Streamflow modeling is an essential task in reservoir operation and water allocation dec
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