Structure and properties of fine and ultrafine particles, surfaces, and interfaces
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Foreword
The Symposium on the Structure and Properties of Fine and Ultrafine Particles, Surfaces, and Interfaces was held during the 1989 TMS Fall Meeting, which took place in Indianapolis, IN, on October 1-5, 1989. The scope of the symposium was the structure, composition, and properties of surfaces and interfaces, with particular focus on either how these interfacial parameters themselves change as the volumes they encompass (particles, films, or grains) become smaller or how they affect the properties of the matrix that contains them. Applications can range from free-standing ultrafine particles that serve as catalysts to precipitate- or dispersion-strengthened monolithic or composite materials to new materials made up entirely of such particles (thin-film nanocrystalline or layered-structure materials). The three-day, six-session symposium was organized and sponsored by the Structures Committee of the Materials Science Division (MSD), ASM INTERNATIONAL. It included invited and contributed papers which covered the broad range of problems associated with characterizing and producing surfaces and interfaces on an increasingly finer scale, as well as determining properties or understanding properties behavior theoretically. The spectrum of materials ranged from ceramics and composites (Sessions I and II) to metals and alloys (Sessions III and IV) and finally to layered structures (Session V) and catalysts (Session VI). In the ceramics and composites area, several talks were presented on nanocrystalline materials, including various processes for producing micro- to nano-sized ceramic crystallites, high-To superconducting ceramics, and SiC whisker-toughened alumina (composite behavior as well as ultrafine structure of the SiC whiskers). The sessions on metals and alloys covered nanocrystalline light (Ti, A1, Mg) metal alloys and intermetallics for aerospace applications, production of amorphous alloys from ultrafine alloy powders, oxide dispersionstrengthened and rapidly solidified AI-, Cu-, and Ni-based alloys, nanocrystalline dispersions of hard particles (like carbides) for strengthening soft metals produced by powder metallurgy processes, production of thin films of TiN on steel substrates, nickel- and iron-aluminides, and new creep-resistant austenitic stainless steels strengthened by ultrafine, stable dispersions of MC precipitates. Several authors presented advanced microcharacterization techniques, including analytical electron microscopy (AEM), X-ray imaging and mapping, high-resOlution and plan-view electron microscopy for imaging interfacial structure and examining small particles, and atom-probe field-ion microscopy for atomic resolution imaging. Topics in the layered structures session included the properties and structure of Fe-multilayers, phase, and other instabilities in small particles, computer simulation of physical properties in layered and thin-film material, and laser-assisted sputter deposition of thin Cu films on sapphire. The final session on catalysts included presentations on the structur
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