Structure-performance maps of polymeric, metal, and ceramic matrix composites
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INTRODUCTION
ADVANCEDcomposites have emerged as new structural materials with a very broad range of engineering applications due to their unique capabilities in performance and design.l-4 The research of advanced composites has generated profound impact on science and technology as other major developments in the history of materials engineering. Advanced composites utilize polymeric, metal, or ceramic matrices with high strength and high modulus reinforcements in continuous, discontinuous (e.g., short fibers, whiskers, and particulates), or textile forms. The primary reinforcement materials include graphite, boron, glass, and aramid fibers. Other reinforcement materials with promising potential of development are silicon carbide and alumina fibers. A number of other ceramic fibers and whiskers also have received considerable attention. The superior strength and modulus of various kinds of fibers are demonstrated in Figures 1 and 2. Along with the rapid developments in reinforcement materials, significant advancements also have been made in matrix materials, including high temperature thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, metals and their alloys, as well as various glass and ceramic materials. The applications of the advanced composites in a variety of environment ranging from cryogenic to refractory, require a proper selection of fiber and matrix material combinations and innovative processing techniques. The optimization of composite physical and mechanical behavior through the design and control of interface remains an area of challenge and opportunity in research. The primary geometric arrangement of fibers in advanced composites is in continuous and unidirectional prepreg form, which can be stacked together at various orientation angles to form laminates. However, the expansion of the application of high-performance laminated composites is impeded by their limitation in damage tolerance, as well as manufacturing cost. Considerable effort has been made to focus on these issues. Among them, the development of innovative fiber architecture such as two- and threedimensional woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, weft inserted warp knit fabrics, as well as braided structures offer signifiTSU-WEI CHOU, Professor, and JENN-MING YANG, Graduate Student, are with Center for Composites Manufacturing Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716. Manuscript submitted August 28, 1985. METALLURGICALTRANSACTIONS A
cant potential for further improvement in damage tolerance and impact resistance. The three-dimensional (3-D) braiding, in particular, is a fully integrated technique and capable of direct formation of complex structural shapes; wide range of materials including graphite, kevlar, glass, silicon carbide, and alumina fibers have been braided into 3-D preforms of structural components and impregnated with resin, metal, and ceramic matrices. In general, textile structural composites not only can provide multi-directional reinforcement, but also offer the potential of reduced fabrication costs due
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