Struggles for Survival Institutional and Organizational Changes in J
How did Japanese companies, technology-supporting organizations, and governments reformulate organizational strategies, industrial structures, and institutions to revive Japanese high-tech industries (semiconductor, telecommunications, and biotechnology)
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Yoshitaka Okada (Ed.)
Struggles for Survival Institutional and Organizational Changes in Japan’s High-Tech Industries
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Yoshitaka Okada, Ph.D. Professor Faculty of Comparative Culture Sophia University 4 Yonban-cho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102―0081, Japan
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005936236
ISBN-10 4-431-28874-0 Springer-Verlag Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-4-431-28874-9 Springer-Verlag Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com ! Yoshitaka Okada 2006 Printed in Japan Typesetting, Printing, and Binding: Kato Bunmeisha, Japan Printed on acid-free paper
To Hideko Okada With my deep appreciation
Preface
Globalization has, on the one hand, integrated markets throughout the world and stimulated the dynamic development of companies, especially multinational corporations. On the other hand, it has reduced the role of the government in each country. However, this general understanding of the changing role of governments is not quite applicable to high-tech industries, in which the governments of the United States, Japan, and European Union are said to be engaged in a “high-tech war.” Indeed, international competition is actually expanding the role of national and regional governments in strengthening institutional supports for technological innovation by promoting cooperative learning among companies and technology-supporting organizations, disseminating technological information, and stimulating innovative activities. Each country or region is struggling to build a more effective system of innovation, introducing more market-oriented mechanisms, strengthening support systems, and mobilizing traditional institutions. When Japan faced economic difficulties in the 1990s, its traditional system of innovation came up against its own limitations, and Japan has been struggling to rebuild its system ever since. I have been engaged in a research project titled “Fluidity of Japanese Institutions and Organizations in Advanced Technology Research: Search for a Fusion of Continuity and Change.” This project attempts to determine how new mechanisms are introduced and how traditional institutions are effectively mobilized for further stimulating innovative activities in high-tech industries. This book, which is the outcome of this project, dissects what is a complex mixture of newly introduced mechanisms and existing institutions for innovation. This project was developed as the cumulative outcome of a series of past resear
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