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Health and Illness in the World’s Cultures Volume I: Topics Volume II: Cultures

Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology

Health and Illness in the World’s Cultures Volume I: Topics Volume II: Cultures

Edited by

Carol R. Ember Human Relations Area Files at Yale University New Haven, Connecticut

and

Melvin Ember Human Relations Area Files at Yale University New Haven, Connecticut

Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files at Yale University

Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers New York • Boston • Dordrecht • London • Moscow

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 0-306-47754-8 ©2004 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York 233 Spring Street, New York, N. Y. 10013 http://www.kluweronline.com 10

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A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise,without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Permissions for books published in Europe: [email protected] Permissions for books published in the United States of America: [email protected] Printed in the United States of America

Advisory Board GEORGE ARMELAGOS ELOIS ANN BERLIN GAY BECKER PETER J. BROWN C. H. BROWNER JAMES W. CAREY ALEX COHEN WILLIAM W. DRESSLER ROBERT EDGERTON RUTHBETH FINERMAN LINDA C. GARRO PAUL HOCKINGS LESLIE SUE LIEBERMAN MARGARET LOCK LENORE MANDERSON MAC MARSHALL JAMES J. MCKENNA CARMELLA C. MOORE ARTHUR J. RUBEL (deceased) SUSAN C. WELLER

Emory University University of Georgia University of California at San Francisco Emory University University of California, Los Angeles Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Harvard University University of Alabama University of California, Los Angeles University of Memphis University of California, Los Angeles University of Illinois at Chicago University of Central Florida McGill University University of Melbourne University of Iowa University of Notre Dame University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston

Managing Editor

Jo-Ann Teadtke

The Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology was prepared under the auspices and with the support of the Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) at Yale University. The foremost international research organization in the field of cultural anthropology, HRAF is a not-for-profit consortium of 19 Sponsoring Member institutions and more than 400 active and inactive Associate Member institutions in nearly 40 countries. The mission of HRAF is to provide information that facilitates the worldwide comparative study of human behavior, society, and culture. The HRAF Collection of Ethnography, which has been building since 1949, contains nearly one million