Suicide and Schizophrenia: an Interplay of Factors
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SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (AK PANDURANGI, SECTION EDITOR)
Suicide and Schizophrenia: an Interplay of Factors Avinash De Sousa 1
&
Bhumika Shah 2 & Amresh Shrivastava 3
Accepted: 9 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review The main purpose of this review is to elucidate the interplay of various factors in the relationship between suicide and schizophrenia. Suicide and schizophrenia have been interlinked as a symptom, factor in recovery and prognosis, outcome measure and response to psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Many biomarkers have been identified in relation to the two phenomena. Recent Findings The analysis of the papers of the last 5 years (2015–2019) and till date has revealed studies looking at outcomes in relation to suicide, biological markers to determine the protection from and occurrence of suicide in schizophrenia and demographic factors that play a role in the occurrence of suicide in patients with schizophrenia. Summary Suicide is a common occurrence in patients with schizophrenia and must be studied further in diverse populations of the disorder to help determine exact relationships between these two variables that will aid in clinical recovery, better outcome and improve prognosis. Keywords Schizophrenia . Suicide . Biological markers . Recovery . Outcome
Introduction Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness encompassing cognitive impairment, perceptual abnormalities and positive and negative symptoms which is caused by a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures and psychosocial stressors [1]. Severe mental illnesses (SMI) are closely linked to suicide, and patients suffering from SMI are at the highest risk of suicide with suicide rates ranging from 43 to 79% across various studies, and the rates may vary with different serious mental illnesses [2]. The rates of attempted suicide in patients suffering from schizophrenia range from 10 to
This article is part of the Topical collection on Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders section * Avinash De Sousa [email protected] 1
Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, India
2
Desousa Foundation, Mumbai, India
3
Lawson Health Research Institute and Professor Emeritus, Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
50% and that of completed suicide range from 5 to 15% across studies [3•]. Suicide has been found to be a leading cause of decreased life expectancy in schizophrenia [4], and it has also known to a have a considerable effect on the course and prognosis as well as outcome of schizophrenia [5•]. The more severe the symptoms of schizophrenia, the higher chance of suicidal behaviour. Suicide and suicidal behaviour have been exhibited in all phases of schizophrenia. However, they are highest during the early phase of illness mainly the first year and even in the prodromal phase which may account for 40–50% of all suicide attempts in patients with schizophr
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