Summary Discussion and Recommendations
Future policy development should incorporate a multifaceted approach to reduce hate crime offending. This includes targeting potential thrill-seeking youths, institutional bias, and prejudice in society. Public service denouncements of hate via the media
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Frank S. Pezzella
Hate Crime Statutes A Public Policy and Law Enforcement Dilemma 123
SpringerBriefs in Criminology Policing
Series editor M.R. Haberfeld City University of New York John Jay College of Criminal Justice New York, NY, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11179
Frank S. Pezzella
Hate Crime Statutes A Public Policy and Law Enforcement Dilemma
123
Frank S. Pezzella Department of Criminal Justice John Jay College of Criminal Justice New York, NY USA
ISSN 2192-8533 SpringerBriefs in Criminology ISSN 2194-6213 SpringerBriefs in Policing ISBN 978-3-319-40840-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40842-2
ISSN 2192-8541
(electronic)
ISSN 2194-6221
(electronic)
ISBN 978-3-319-40842-2
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016942896 © The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland
Contents
1
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Historic and Contemporary Hate Crime Statutes The Emotion of Hate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Problem of Defining Hate Crimes . . . . . . . The Putative Message from Hate Offenders. . . . The Extent of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Victim Under Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1 2 4 5 7 8 10 11
2
The Legacy of Hate Crimes in American History. American Lynching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Birth and Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan . . . . . . Anti-semitism and Holocaust Denial. . . . . . . . . . . . Gay and Lesbian Bashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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