Surface functionalized red fluorescent dual-metallic Au/Ag nanoclusters for endoplasmic reticulum imaging
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Surface functionalized red fluorescent dual-metallic Au/Ag nanoclusters for endoplasmic reticulum imaging Lifeng Cui 1 & Chengyun Li 1 & Biyun Chen 2 & Hong Huang 3 Zhigang Ge 3 & Yangang Wang 3
&
Qineng Xia 3 & Xi Li 3 & Zhangfeng Shen 3 &
Received: 4 June 2020 / Accepted: 1 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract An efficient method is reported to prepare endoplasmic reticulum-targetable dual-metallic gold-silver nanoclusters, denoted as ER-Au/Ag nanoclusters (NCs), by virtue of a rationally designed molecular ligand. The prepared ER-Au/Ag NCs possesses redemitting fluorescence with a strong emission at 622 nm and a high fluorescence quantum yield of 5.1%, which could avoid the influence of biological auto-fluorescence. Further investigation results showed that ER-Au/Ag NCs exhibited superior photostability, minimal cytotoxicity, and ER-targeting capability. Enabled by these meritorious features, ER-Au/Ag NCs have been successfully employed for long-term bioimaging of ER in living cells. Keywords Dual-metallic nanoclusters . Photostability . Endoplasmic reticulum targeting . Long-term bioimaging
Introduction Optical imaging of cellular organelles and tracking biological processes in vivo is crucial for basic biology and medical research as well as the development of novel clinical diagnostics [1]. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a primary membranebound organelle, plays an important role in establishing and/or preserving cellular metabolic homeostasis as it serves as the main site for calcium storage, protein synthesis, and folding [2]. However, due to environmental stimulations or raised synthesis of proteins, some issues are often encountered in Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04585-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Hong Huang [email protected] * Yangang Wang [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
2
Nanhu College, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
3
College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
this organelle including misfolding of proteins, ER stress (resulted from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins), and the activation of unfolded proteins [3]. These issues could cause disturbances of cellular homeostasis and eventually result in cell death. What is worse, ER stress has been shown to be associated with the etiology of many human diseases [4]. In this regard, the design and synthesis of effective bioprobes to accurately track the dynamical changes of ER are desirable, since they have the potential ability to figure out alterations in ER that are intertwined with early disease pathologies. Fluorescent imaging technique has turned out to be a powerful tool for monitoring cellular substances, clinical diagnosis, and bioimaging due to its quic
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