Surface, interface, and thin-film magnetism
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Surface, interface, and thin-film magnetism L. M. Falicov Department of Physics, University of California-Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
Daniel T. Pierce National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
S. D. Bader Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
R. Gronsky Department of Materials Science and Mineral Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
Kristl B. Hathaway Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia 22217-5000
Herbert J. Hopster Department of Physics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92717
David N. Lambeth Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890
S. S. P. Parkin IBM. Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120-6099
Gary Prinz Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375
Myron Salamon Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
Ivan K. Schuller Department of Physics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
R. H. Victora Diversified Technologies Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York 14650-2017 (Received 19 October 1989; accepted 7 March 1990)
A comprehensive review and state of the art in the field of surface, interface, and thin-film magnetism is presented. New growth techniques which produce atomically engineered novel materials, special characterization techniques to measure magnetic properties of low-dimensional systems, and computational advances which allow large complex calculations have together stimulated the current activity in this field and opened new opportunities for research. The current status and issues in the area of material growth techniques and physical properties, characterization methods, and theoretical methods and ideas are reviewed. A fundamental understanding of surface, interface, and thin-film magnetism is of importance to many applications in magnetics technology, which is also surveyed. Questions of fundamental and technological interest that offer opportunities for exciting future research are identified. J. Mater. Res., Vol. 5, No. 6, Jun 1990
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L. M. Falicov, D.T. Pierce et al.\ Surface, interface, and thin-film magnetism
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION II.
III.
1301
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND A. Electronic structure B. Phenomenology and model systems . . . C. Critical phenomena theories D. Transport properties in magnetic systems E. Micromagnetic theory
1301 1301 1302 1303 1303 1303
MATERIALS 1304 A. Growth techniques 1304 1. Sputtering 1304 2. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).... 1304 3. Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) 1305 4. Production techniques 1305 B. Growth modes 1305 C. Systems highlights 1306 1. Surface and monolayer films 1307 2. Metastable epitaxial films 1308 3. Semiconductor substrates 1309
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