Surface modifications of biometallic commercially pure Ti and Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy by picosecond Nd:YAG laser
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Surface modifications of biometallic commercially pure Ti and Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy by picosecond Nd:YAG laser Slađana Laketić 1), Marko Rakin 2), Miloš Momčilović 1), Jovan Ciganović 1), Đorđe Veljović 2), and Ivana Cvijović-Alagić 1) 1) Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia 2) Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia (Received: 21 February 2020; revised: 7 April 2020; accepted: 9 April 2020)
Abstract: The effects of picosecond Nd:YAG laser irradiation on chemical and morphological surface characteristics of the commercially pure titanium and Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy in air and argon atmospheres were studied under different laser output energy values. During the interaction of laser irradiation with the investigated materials, a part of the energy was absorbed on the target surface, influencing surface modifications. Laser beam interaction with the target surface resulted in various morphological alterations, resulting in crater formation and the presence of microcracks and hydrodynamic structures. Moreover, different chemical changes were induced on the target materials’ surfaces, resulting in the titanium oxide formation in the irradiation-affected area and consequently increasing the irradiation energy absorption. Given the high energy absorption at the site of interaction, the dimensions of the surface damaged area increased. Consequently, surface roughness increased. The appearance of surface oxides also led to the increased material hardness in the surface-modified area. Observed chemical and morphological changes were pronounced after laser irradiation of the Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy surface. Keywords: commercially pure titanium; Ti –13Nb –13Zr alloy; surface modification; Nd:YAG laser; laser-induced damage; hard oxidized surface
1. Introduction Titanium-based materials are widely used as hard-tissue replacements due to their excellent mechanical and tribo-corrosive properties combined with titanium’s low-ion release tendency [1–13]. When exposed to air, titanium can passivate and form a stable corrosion-protective surface oxide film favorable for hard-tissue implant osseointegration [5–6, 13–14]. Prior to application, the surface of titanium-based materials as implants must be additionally processed, and implant biocompatibility and osseointegration must be improved by optimizing the surface chemistry, surface roughness, and surface topography of implants [15–22]. Several surface treatments are used for such purpose; however, laser irradiation is considered as the most promising method [15–22]. Different research groups studied the morphological changes that occur during the laser irradiation interaction with the metallic surface and their effect on hard-tissue implant properties [22–45]. Gnilitskyi et al. [34] and Götz et al.
[35] observed that laser treatment is a highly desirable technique because it improves bone cell adhesion and proliferati
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