Surface, optical and electrochemical performance of indium-doped ZnO/WO 3 nano-composite thin films
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Surface, optical and electrochemical performance of indium‑doped ZnO/WO3 nano‑composite thin films Reza Mohammadigharehbagh1,2 · Suat Pat1 · Nihan Akkurt1 · Ali Olkun3 · Mustafa Ozgur1 · Uğur Demirkol1 · Soner Özen4 · Şadan Korkmaz1 Received: 5 April 2020 / Accepted: 22 September 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Great demand on replacing emission and pollution-free materials for energy storage by traditional fossil fuels has led to investigating of high-performance electrochromic materials. Nano-composite for electrochromic device may be a good choice. In this paper, stack-structured indium-doped ZnO/WO3 nano-composite thin films were deposited on glass, indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrates, respectively. Surface, optical and electrochromic (EC) performance of the prepared nano-composite films has been investigated. Electrochromic impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry, repeating chronoamperometry (CA) and chronocoulometry (CC) measurements were taken. The Raman spectroscopy measurement shows that high-intensity peaks are related to ZnO wurtzite structure for all substrates. In the CA measurement, the rate of Li+ transfer between surface and electrolyte was faster for films coated onto ITO substrate. In addition, the intercalation/deintercalation of Li+ was obviously found faster for films onto ITO substrate due to roughness, structure differences than the other sample. As an advantage of our nano-composite material, the absence of current decay in the both coloration and bleaching stages has proved superiority and stability of films as well as indium contribution. The reversibility of stack-structured InZnO/WO3 nanocomposite films was computed as 30 and 50% for the film with ITO and FTO substrates. The highest coloration efficiency value has calculated as 80 and 69 cm2/C for nano-composite thin films deposited onto FTO substrate @ 632 and 550 nm, respectively. Warburg impedance element values were determined from the equivalent circuit model. Also, calculated charges were determined for bleaching or coloring process for all films. Keywords In-doped ZnO/WO3 nano-composite · Electrochromic performance · Surface properties · Coloration efficiency
1 Introduction In our technological and modern world, using of cutting edge materials instead of fossil fuels has attracted great deals due to decreasing pollution and emission, achieving economical energy as well as low power consumption in our life [1]. In this way, various types of semiconductor compounds such as ZnO, WO3, Fe2O3, TiO2 and others
are under consideration through researchers owing to their outstanding properties [2]. ZnO has been an extensively investigated. Though T iO2 is widely and frequently employed owing to their own significant capability, ZnO is well alternative candidate [3]. The optical band values of pristine ZnO are commonly reported as 3.37 eV [4]. Electrochemical (EC) characteristics of the produced nano-structured thin films are still taking into accoun
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