Surface roughness distribution map for Iraq using satellite data and GIS techniques
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Surface roughness distribution map for Iraq using satellite data and GIS techniques Malik R. Abbas 1,2 & MahIr Mahmod Hason 2,3
&
Baharin Bin Ahmad 1 & Talib R. Abbas 4
Received: 19 May 2019 / Accepted: 30 July 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract This study shows the potential of using the satellite data techniques that are supported by the GIS and remote sensing (RS) approaches to produce the roughness map for the surface of Iraq and any area in a very efficient manner. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was generated using MODIS data acquired on 23 April 2015. Thirty-six points were used to build and verify the proposed model of surface roughness coefficient (n), which was correlated with NDVI layer according to the types of soil cover and land use to create the predicted distributed roughness map. The results revealed that there has been a great match between the proposed surface roughness map produced in this study with the topographical map of Iraq. The results presented also that the minimum and maximum values of surface roughness n were located in the far south and far north of about 0.029 and o.16, respectively, whereas the concentrated value of n was scattered and ranged from 0.035 to 0.16 in north, central, and south parts of the study area. The statistical analysis resulted mean, R, and COV values of 1.02, 0989, and 15.553% consecutively, which exposed the good accuracy and consistency of the predicted roughness map. Verification was conducted which revealed a good accuracy and consistency of the predicted roughness map. Keywords Surface roughness . NDVI . GIS . MODIS
Introduction Surface roughness coefficient is one of the most significant empirical factors in the hydraulic design and hydrology region (Chen et al. 2018; Kamali et al. 2018). Each area or spot has different characteristics in surface roughness value (Limerinos 1970). Inappropriate selection of this coefficient leads to some mistakes if this coefficient is not taken suitably (Heydari et al. 2018). The value of
the roughness coefficient is not constant; it changes from one location to another according to the nature and characteristics of the surface. Roughness coefficient is widely emphasized in most of the hydrologic and hydraulic versions comprising HEC-HMS (Feldman 1981), SHE (Abbott et al. 1986), EPA SWMM (Huber and Singh 1995), AGNPS (Young 1989; Young et al. 1995), CASC2D (Julien et al. 1995), LISFLOOD (Bates and De Roo 2000), and HYDROTEL (Fortin et al. 2001).
Responsible Editor: Biswajeet Pradhan Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05802-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * MahIr Mahmod Hason [email protected]
1
Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
2
Disaster Management Centre, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
3
Faculty of Civil Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Sel
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