Surgical Adhesive/Soft Tissue Adhesion Measured by Pressurized Blister Test
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Surgical adhesive/soft tissue adhesion measured by pressurized blister test Muriel L. Braccini1, Bertrand R.M. Perrin2, Cécile Bidan1, Michel Dupeux1 1 SIMaP - CNRS/Grenoble-INP/ UJF, BP 75, F38402 Grenoble, FRANCE 2 C.H.U. Grenoble, FRANCE. ABSTRACT The practical adhesion of equine pericardium membranes bonded with surgical glue has been measured by the bulge-and-blister technique under injection of pressurized distilled water. The value of the interfacial crack propagation energy can be estimated from the critical debonding pressure. The measured practical adhesion energies are weak with regards to those of engineering structural adhesives, but they are reliable enough to allow a comparison between different surgical glues and a study of the influence of the bonding experimental conditions. INTRODUCTION Surgical adhesives are a very exciting and a promising area for development. They are increasingly used for skin suture, to reinforce anastomotic integrity in vascular repair, or as a sealant for closing gas or liquid leak [1-2]. Many different surgical adhesives have been developed over the past 30 years, varying in composition according to their surgical specialty: cyanoacrylate-based adhesive, fibrin glue or two components sealants with aldehydes as activators. All of them have to fulfill several criteria, among which bio-compatibility and adhesion to tissue. Bio-compatibility is well established by standards like ISO 10993, but there is no equivalent standard for surgical adhesive efficacy. Many clinical studies have been performed to evaluate this efficacy but they do not provide reliable quantitative information on the strength of the seal. Some studies on surgical glue are based on mechanical testing using the single lap shear test [3-5], which is commonly used to determine the strength of industrial structural adhesives. But this test has some drawbacks, making its results strongly dependent on the size and quality of the specimen rather than the intrinsic adhesion strength of the glue itself [6]. The aim of the present study is to propose an experimental standard procedure to evaluate the adhesion of surgical glues on soft tissue under conditions as close as possible to surgical ones. Nevertheless, it should ensure reproducibility and provide reliable quantitative values, in order to allow evaluation of the influence of some experimental parameters on adhesion. The test used for this purpose is the pressurized blister test, which has been developed for measurement of thin film adhesion on substrate [7]. This test proved to be applicable to various systems including metallic and polymer materials [7, 8]. It is appropriate to obtain a stable debonding from which the interfacial crack propagation energy is determined by a simple mechanical analysis. EXPERIMENT
To quantitatively measure the surgical glue adhesion on soft tissue, a pressurized blister test has been chosen. Contrary to some mechanical tests already used to evaluate the adhesion of surgical adhesive [3-5] this test allows stationa
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