Survey Research Designs: Towards a Better Understanding of Their Costs and Benefits
ROBERT F. BORUCH AND ROBERT W. PEARSON During the 13th Century. a vigorous argument among Middle Eastern rabbis concerned how one ought to make a fair assessment of an olive crop value for tithing purposes. Should one consolidate the crop. systematically
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Lecture Notes in Statistics Edited by D. Brillinger, S. Fienberg, J. Gani, J. Hartigan, and K. Krickeberg
38 Survey Research Designs: Towards a Better Understanding of Their Costs and Benefits Prepared under the Auspices of the Working Group on the Comparative Evaluation of Longitudinal Surveys Social Science Research Council
Edited by R. W Pearson and R. F. Boruch
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo
Editors
Robert W Pearson Social Science Research Council 605 Third Avenue, New York, New York 1015B, USA Robert F. Boruch Department of Psychology, Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
Support for the preparation of this volume, in addition to that noted by individual chapters, was provided by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor (Grant 21-36-BO-20) and the Measurement Methods and Data Improvement Program of the National Science Foundation (Grant SES-B31B043). The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Labor, National Science Foundation, or the Social Science Research Council.
AMS Subject Classification (19BO): 62P25, 62005, 92A20 ISBN-13: 978-0-387-96428-7
e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6336-1
001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6336-1
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting,re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is peyable to ·Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort", Munich.
C> Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1986 2147/3140-543210
Contents
Page III
Contents Contributors
V
Introduction Robert F. Boruch and Robert W. Pearson
1
Research Designs and Causal Inferences: On Lord's Paradox Paul W. Holland and Donald B. Rubin
7
1. Introduction ............................................................... ............ ........ ... 2. A Model for Causal Inference ........................................................ 2.1 The elements of the model............................................... 2.2 Discussion of the elements of the modeL....................... 2.3 Three kinds of studies....................................................... 2.4 Causal effects and related quantities in causal studies ........................................................................................ 3. Lord's examples................................................................................ 3.1 Example 1: Two subpopulations receiving one treatment.................................................................................... 3.2 Example 2: A descriptive study...................................... 3.3 Example 3: Contemplating new treatments .................... 3.4 Example 4: Two explicit treatments ............................... 4.
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