Survival Psychology
'...it should be made standard reading for those dealing with disaster/survival situations, it is also very informative in helping the general reader understand the psychology of survivors...The text makes compulsive reading and the book is hard to put do
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Also l7y John Leach RUNNING APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY EXPERIMENTS
Survival Psychology John Leach Lecturer in Psychology University 01 Lancaster
Consultant Editor: Jo Campling
M
MACMILLAN
©John Leach 1994 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reprodllced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or llnder the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenharn Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication rnay be liable to criminal prosecution ami civil claims for darnages. First published 1994 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD HOllndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-51855-7
ISBN 978-0-230-37271-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230372719
A cataloglle record for this book is available frorn the British Library.
To all those who ... shall go Always a little further: it may be Beyond that last blue mountain barr'd with snow Across that angry or that glimmering sea. James Elroy Flecker (1884-1915) The Golden Journey to Samarkand
Contents J>reface
IX
xii
Acknowledgements
1
Anatomy of a Disaster
2
Psychological Responses to a Disaster
10
3
Individual Reactions
30
4
Associated Factors in Survival
58
5
Coping Behaviour and Psychological First Aid
123
6
Long-Term Survival
148
7
Recovery and Post-Trauma
177
1
Appendix: J>sychological Aide-Memoire
196
References
197
Index
208
VII
Preface Survival is a very personal thing - it is a very lonely thing. Even amongst others, be they familiar colleagues, nameless refugees or one's guards, the survivor is thrown in upon hirnself. How he copes psychologically with this situation will determine whether he becomes a survivor or remains a victim. It is one of life's paradoxes that survivorship may often be a joyless and a thankless task. Over recent years there have been many advances in survival equipment, technology and training both in the military and commercial areas. Yet, despite such advances, people still perish in large numbers, in very little time and often without any known organic cause. Many will die quietly and with little fuss like a flame that chooses to glow no more. Much equipment sold for survival purposes is designed in warm rooms by people who often have little or no working knowledge ofhow the body performs under threat or in hostile conditions. They are frequently surprised when their products are washed up, still intact and unused, alongside the corpses they were intended to prevent. Some training continues to be based on false premises and assumptions about how the body and brain function. Much of psychological concern has been directed almost exclusively towards understanding and medically treating the aftermath of survival and disasters, as
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