Sustainable development: organizing nomads of the Zagros region based on grounded theory model
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Sustainable development: organizing nomads of the Zagros region based on grounded theory model Mohammad Taheri . Alireza Poursaeed . Roya Eshraghi-Samani . Mohammad-Bagher Arayesh
Accepted: 26 September 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract During the past few decades, many social factors and climate change in particular have had adverse effects on nomadic livelihoods in Iran. Drought, heat waves, floods and cold spells are impediments to a sustainable development for nomads. So far, previous adaptation strategies have not sufficiently proved effective in improving their livelihood. The present study aimed at designing a development model for organizing nomads of the Zagros region. The grounded theory methodology was applied to construct the hypothesis through inductive qualitative data. We used questionnaires, focus groups and in-depth interviews to survey the opinions of experts and managers about optimum ways to organize and develop Iranian nomadic communities. Researchers analyzed the data using open, axial and selective coding to discover the main concepts. The samples were selected through the ‘‘snowball effect sampling method’’ in which sampling continued until a theoretical saturation was reached. To recognize concepts and categories, line by line analysis was used in open coding. The present study revealed how various aspects of nomadic livelihood can affect M. Taheri A. Poursaeed (&) M.-B. Arayesh Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran e-mail: [email protected] R. Eshraghi-Samani Department of Agricultural Management, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran
managerial efforts to organize and develop nomadic life in the region. These effective aspects were categorized into three main groups: causal, interfering and background. Also, the results introduced a comprehensive adaptation strategy model based on grounded theory which covered many aspects of the nomadic livelihood. Our results suggested that this approach is more likely to ensure the sustainability of environmental resources, social justice and improvements in economic indicators. Keywords Livelihood Economic range Climate change Pastoralism Iranian nomads
Introduction Iran is characterized by variable climates which make it more suitable for pastoralism than crop cultivation. This is especially true in the Zagros, a vast mountainous range on the western border of Persia that includes parts of Mesopotamia and the Iranian plateau (Bahmanimehr et al. 2014). According to the history of the country, nomads are one of the main users of natural resources in the Zagros (Emadi 2003). The population of nomads living in the Zagros mountains is approximately 10% of the Zagros population. Also, about 36% of Iran’s rural and nomadic families live in this area (Note 2004; Soltani et al. 2012). Historically, these people have not had frequent access to urban
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