Sustainable Financing for Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) to Conserve Peat Swamp Forest Through Enterprises Based o
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Sustainable Financing for Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) to Conserve Peat Swamp Forest Through Enterprises Based on Swiftlets’ Nests: An Awareness Survey in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Takahiro Ota, et al. [full author details at the end of the article] Accepted: 4 July 2020 © Steve Harrison, John Herbohn 2020
Abstract In recent years, the proliferation of small-scale enterprises based on sales of edible swiftlets’ nests harvested in peat swamp forests in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia has occurred. This study focuses on enterprises that might offer a promising opportunity as a user-side financing system for payments for ecosystem services (PES) to balance forest conservation priorities with local communities’ livelihood needs. Two possible sustainable user financing systems for PES were designed. The first entailed a modification of an existing tax structure in limiting usage of its revenue (an earmarked tax). The second entailed a community-level business structure based on customary village practices. Receptiveness to the first system was assessed using questionnaire and interview-based surveys carried out on 50 respondents. The second system was assessed using questionnaire and interview-based surveys with five representatives in each of nine villages in the region. Findings revealed a reasonably high potential for developing each of the two options. Enterprise owners and workers demonstrated a high level of awareness of the model’s conservation and societal benefits and were incentivized to pay the same level of tax redirected to conservation and fire prevention activities. However, few were willing to pay a higher tax level. The overall reception of the cooperative business model was positive, but start-up financial concerns and negative community dynamics such as low trust among community members were the main constraining factors. Financial and technical support from governmental and non-governmental organizations as well as research-based support from universities would be required to promote these financing systems. Keywords Forest conservation · Enterprises · Cooperative model · Edible swiftlets’ nests · Tax policy
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s1184 2-020-09452-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Introduction Forest degradation and deforestation are significant factors of global climate change because forests sequestrate tremendous amounts of carbon. Particularly, specific types of forests, like peat swamp forest (PSF), can have a large impact due to their size and volume. However, such large carbon pools have suffered severely because of high economic pressure and very slow forest growth. PSFs have emitted tremendous carbon dioxide because of forest fires (Page and Hooijer 2016). International cooperation policies, like REDD+, are being implemented to prevent such problems. However, these measures involve wider usage of forests by local resident
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