Sustainable urban water conservation strategy for a planned city of a developing country: a perspective from DHA City Ka
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Sustainable urban water conservation strategy for a planned city of a developing country: a perspective from DHA City Karachi Rabia Tabassum 1,2 & Mudassar Hassan Arsalan 2,3 & Faiza Mumtaz 1 & Nazia Imam 1 Received: 19 March 2018 / Accepted: 27 October 2020 / Published online: 11 November 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract Pakistan, previously a water-surplus country, is now a water-stressed country. Water is essential to achieve sustainable urban development, and the use of alternate water resources could provide essential support to urban development in the water crisis scenario. In water-scarce areas, where new water resource implementation is very difficult, water conservation practices serve efficiently and valuably. The study area, DHA City Karachi (DCK), has been visualized as Pakistan’s first city which will likely serve as a role model for the future independent planned cities in the developing world. In this study, after water demand estimation for the study area, water conservation techniques have been implemented using scenario-based model approach. These techniques are water efficient fixtures (WEF) usages, dry cooling in power plant (DCP), grey water recycling (GWR), and black water recycling (BWR). The designed strategy implementation provides an overall 54% water reduction. The result shows that the best water demand reduction strategy is the deployment of WEF which is 59% of the total water reduction. Thus, the results of the study suggest that similar scenario-based urban water conservation strategies can be implemented for other regions of the world having water scarcity. Keywords Water demands . Black water recycling . Grey water reuse . Urban water conservation . Efficient fixtures
Introduction Water, the integral necessity of a human life, has played a crucial role in the emergence, growth, function, and physical geography of communities. In 2012, approximately 50% of the world’s population lived in urban areas, and this percentage is expected to swell to 60% by 2030 (United Nations. Department of and United Nations. Department of Public 2012). As the population will increase, the municipal water demands will be increased, and eventually, it will cause the Responsible Editor: Amjad Kallel * Rabia Tabassum [email protected] 1
Department of Science and Humanities, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (FAST), Karachi, Pakistan
2
Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
3
School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Parramatta South Campus, Rydalmere, NSW 2116, Australia
water scarcity (Loubet et al. 2014). By 2050, the world population will expect water shortage of 40% (Ward 2007); therefore, currently, water sustainable research plans have dominated the international and national agendas. Water conservation and efficiency practices provide water sustainability and have many benefits like water demand reduction, water saving, less environmental effect, an
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