Symmetry Rules How Science and Nature are founded on Symmetry

When we use science to describe and understand the world around us, we are in essence grasping nature through symmetry. In fact, modern theoretical physics suggests that symmetry is a, if not the, foundational principle of nature. Emphasizing the concepts

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the frontiers collection Series Editors: A.C. Elitzur M.P. Silverman J. Tuszynski R. Vaas H.D. Zeh The books in this collection are devoted to challenging and open problems at the forefront of modern science, including related philosophical debates. In contrast to typical research monographs, however, they strive to present their topics in a manner accessible also to scientifically literate non-specialists wishing to gain insight into the deeper implications and fascinating questions involved. Taken as a whole, the series reflects the need for a fundamental and interdisciplinary approach to modern science. Furthermore, it is intended to encourage active scientists in all areas to ponder over important and perhaps controversial issues beyond their own speciality. Extending from quantum physics and relativity to entropy, consciousness and complex systems – the Frontiers Collection will inspire readers to push back the frontiers of their own knowledge.

Other Recent Titles Weak Links Stabilizers of Complex Systems from Proteins to Social Networks By P. Csermely Quantum Mechanics at the Crossroads New Perspectives from History, Philosophy and Physics Edited by J. Evans, A.S. Thorndike Particle Metaphysics A Critical Account of Subatomic Reality By B. Falkenburg The Physical Basis of the Direction of Time By H.D. Zeh Asymmetry: The Foundation of Information By S.J. Muller Mindful Universe Quantum Mechanics and the Participating Observer By H. Stapp Decoherence and the Quantum-To-Classical Transition By M. Schlosshauer The Nonlinear Universe Chaos, Emergence, Life By A. Scott Quantum Superposition Counterintuitive Consequences of Coherence, Entanglement, and Interference By M.P. Silverman For a complete list of titles in The Frontiers Collection, see back of book

Joe Rosen

SYMMETRY RULES How Science and Nature Are Founded on Symmetry

With 86 Figures and 4 Tables

123

Dr. Joe Rosen 338 New Mark Esplanade Rockville, MD 20850-2734, USA e-mail: [email protected] Series Editors: Avshalom C. Elitzur

Rüdiger Vaas

Bar-Ilan University, Unit of Interdisciplinary Studies, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel email: [email protected]

University of Gießen, Center for Philosophy and Foundations of Science 35394 Gießen, Germany email: [email protected]

Mark P. Silverman

H. Dieter Zeh

Department of Physics, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 06106, USA email: [email protected]

University of Heidelberg, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Philosophenweg 19, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany email: [email protected]

Jack Tuszynski University of Alberta, Department of Physics, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J1, Canada email: [email protected]

Cover figure: Image courtesy of the Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah (www.sci.utah.edu).

ISBN 978-3-540-75972-0

e-ISBN 978-3-540-75973-7

DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-75973-7 Frontiers Collection ISSN 1612-3018 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007941509 © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, w