Synthesis and characterization of Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3 -BaTiO 3 -K 0.5 Na 0.5 NbO 3 ceramics for energy storage applicati
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Synthesis and characterization of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-BaTiO3-K0.5Na0.5NbO3 ceramics for energy storage applications A. Prado 1
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J. Camargo 1
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P. Öchsner 2
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L. Ramajo 1
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M. Castro 1
Received: 12 December 2019 / Accepted: 10 July 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Structural, microstructural, dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the (0.95-x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.05BaTiO3xK0.5Na0.5NbO3 (BNT-BT-KNN) lead-free ceramics with 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.06 were studied. Samples were synthesized through the mechanochemically activated solid-state method and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Ramanspectroscopic studies, whereas the microstructure of all samples was analyzed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). When KNN concentration and temperature were increased, the transition from a ferroelectric to relaxor state was detected by ferroelectric-loop measurements. Furthermore, the high-energy storage efficiency values at room temperature obtained for samples with x ≥ 0.04 confirm the suitability of these ceramics for energy storage applications. Keywords Energy storage materials . Ferroelectrics . Solid-state reaction . Ferroelectricity
1 Introduction In recent years, lead-free piezoelectric materials are studied in different compositions to improve properties and analyze their possible application as a material for the use of energy storage devices [1, 2]. Several complex perovskites of formula A(BxB1-x)O3, where A-positions are occupied by large cations (Pb, Ba, Ca, K, Na, Bi cations) and B-positions are occupied
* M. Castro [email protected] A. Prado [email protected] J. Camargo [email protected] P. Öchsner [email protected] L. Ramajo [email protected] 1
Institute of Research in Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA), Av. Colón 10850, B7606BWV Mar del Plata, Argentina
2
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr.5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
by transition metal ions of smaller size (Ti, Nb, Mg, Zr), have interesting relaxing properties for this type of applications. Common binary systems such as the Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3BaTiO3 still have many drawbacks in their large-scale production and do not replace the use of PZT in all their applications. Considering that these systems exhibit perovskite-like structures, the formation of new and complex lead-free compositions has been investigated, by combining different binary systems, to form ternary solid solutions. These systems allow working with more degrees of freedom in the identification of compositions with better properties. To explain the dielectric vs. temperature dependence and ferroelectric loops evolution, several authors propose a ferroelectric-antiferroelectric phase transition [3]. However, the existence of an antiferroelectric phase is not completely accepted [4]. Indeed, Schader et al. have proposed that the transition from the ferroelectric to relaxor state, considering t
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