Synthesis and electrochemical properties of Ge 4+ ions-modified VO 2 (paramontroseite)
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Synthesis and electrochemical properties of Ge4+ ions-modified VO2(paramontroseite) Meenu Saini1 · Rinki Malik2 · Suman Lata2 · Bharti Saini1 · Pawan Kumar1 · Brijnandan S. Dehiya1 · Hyung‑Kee Seo3 · Ahmad Umar4 Received: 17 November 2019 / Accepted: 14 January 2020 / Published online: 29 January 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Herein, we report, for the first time, the facile synthesis of V O2(paramontroseite) by doping of G e4+ ions into V O2 via simple hydrothermal route. The synthesized materials were characterized by different techniques in terms of their structural, morphological, and thermal properties using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. It was observed that the formation of a tunnel by the octahedral O2(P) allows intercalations of ions from ionic electrolytes, making it useful for electrochemical arrangement of V O6 in V applications. The detailed cyclic voltammetric studies, at different scan rates, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic results showed that the VO2(P) is a potential material for electrochemical applications.
1 Introduction It is well known that vanadium dioxide possess multiple phases [1] such as V O2(A) [2], VO2(B) [3], VO2(C) [4], VO2(D) [5], VO2(M1) [6], VO2(M2) [7], VO2(R) [8], and VO2(P) [9]. These different phases contain different structural, physical, and chemical characteristics that can be used for different energy conservation and environmental applications [10]. Among all vanadium oxides, V O2 is considered most useful due to its thermochromic behavior. Structural transformation from one V O2 phase to another V O2 phase * Brijnandan S. Dehiya [email protected] * Ahmad Umar [email protected] 1
Nanostructured Materials Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, Haryana 131039, India
2
Surface Lab, Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, Haryana 131039, India
3
School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
4
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
can be achieved by applying strain along particular direction [11] and by different dopants [12]. The synthesis of VO2(B) has been achieved by many researchers just by using one step synthesis process while synthesis of V O2(M) has been performed by using different dopants [13–16] as well just by variation in precursor’s molar ratio [17] and also by variation in synthesis parameters [18]. However, the synthesis of VO2(P) has been achieved in extremely few cases [15, 19]. Many researchers [20–22] have reported VO2(B) as a promising cathode material for Li-ion batteries not only due to p
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