Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of rhamnolipid-stabilized carvacrol-loaded zein nanoparticles for antimic
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RESEARCH PAPER
Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of rhamnolipid-stabilized carvacrol-loaded zein nanoparticles for antimicrobial application supported by molecular docking Ngangom Bidyarani & Amit Kumar Srivastav & Sanjeev K. Gupta & Umesh Kumar Received: 9 July 2020 / Accepted: 2 October 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Carvacrol is a phenolic monoterpenoid obtained from the genera of Origanum, Thymus, Satureja, and Lippia. It is a hydrophobic phytoconstituent that readily tends to decay while processing leading to restricting its potential application. In the current study, zein/rhamnolipid (ZRL of 306 nm) complex nanoparticles were loaded with carvacrol successfully (CRZRL of 271 nm) to explore its antimicrobial activity and obtained the MIC value of 135 μg/ml and 270 μg/ml against P. syringae (bacterial canker) and F. oxysporum (Fusarium wilt) respectively. These complex nanoparticles were further characterized by DLS, FE-SEM, DSC, FT-IR, H1NMR, docking, and HPLC studies. The strong interaction of carvacrol with zein and rhamnolipid complex nanoparticles which showed characteristic peaks in FTIR as well as H1NMR were also supported by our docking studies. This strong interaction resulted in higher EE (95%) as well as LE (42%), confirmed by HPLC studies. Docking studies further revealed the presence of stronger Π-Π interaction within Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-05037-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. N. Bidyarani : A. K. Srivastav : U. Kumar (*) School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382030, India e-mail: [email protected] S. K. Gupta Computational Materials and Nanoscience Group, Department of Physics, St. Xavier’s College, Ahmedabad 380009, India
binding and active sites of zein through which rhamnolipid and carvacrol interact. The developed nano-formulation could be exploited for controlling different plant diseases and other foodborne pathogens.
Keywords Carvacrol . Rhamnolipid . Antimicrobial activity . Zein . Docking
Introduction Management and control of plant diseases and foodborne pathogens associated with vegetables and other important crops have become very crucial in the current scenario due to the enormous number of pests, insects, and microbes affecting the productivity or yield. Chemicals such as plant growth regulators, fertilizers, and pesticides are required in large amounts to increase food production for continuously feeding the rising human population (Hirano and Upper 2000; van der Wolf and De Boer 2015). Crops are widely destroyed by the phytopathogenic microorganisms leading to the cause of various plant diseases. Some plant diseases like necrosis, canker, and wilt are caused by bacteria and fungi and they are reproduced very easily in plants (Casas-Flores et al. 2019). Phytopathogenic microorganisms like Pseudomonas syringae and Fusarium oxysporum infects various plants extensively, causing blight, spec
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