Synthesis and their photocatalytic properties of Ni-doped ZnO hollow microspheres
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Tianqing Liub) Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Material and Environmental Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
Qingli Huang and Changle Wub) Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
Dan Shan School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China (Received 11 January 2016; accepted 14 March 2016)
Ni-doped ZnO hollow microspheres were fabricated by calcining the mixture of zinc and nickel citrate precursors at 500 °C for 2 h. The structure, composition, Barrett–Emmett–Teller specific surface area, and optical properties of Ni-doped ZnO samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, wave length dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, and ultraviolet (UV)-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic results demonstrated that the as-synthesized Ni-doped ZnO microcrystals possessed much higher photocatalytic activity than pure ZnO in the decomposition of methylene blue under UV-light irradiation. The present work suggests that Ni-doped ZnO hollow microspheres can be applied as an efficient photocatalyst for water polluted by some chemically stable azo dyes.
I. INTRODUCTION
The depletion of fossil fuels and the disastrous environmental pollution arising from their combustion have been recognized as two main challenges in the near future.1 Many techniques have been developed for the removal of pollutants from wastewaters to limit their impact on the environment. Photocatalytic treatment of waste water has proven to be an effective process for the degradation of dye pollutants. In recent years, ZnO nanomaterials have attracted tremendous interest due to their main applications in photocatalytic hydrogen generation and environmental pollution removal,2–4 other semiconductors such as TiO2, GaP, GaAs, InP, ZnS, CdS, ZnSe, etc. have been used for environmental remediation.5–17 To enhance the photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanorods, many efforts have been done to improve charge separation duration. This includes deposition of Contributing Editor: Xiaobo Chen a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] b) These authors contributed equally to this manuscript. DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2016.137 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 31, No. 15, Aug 15, 2016
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noble metal such as Au,18,19 nonmetallic elements doping (e.g., C, N, S),20–22 rare-earth ion doping (e.g., Ce, La),23,24 transitional metal doping (e.g., Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Cu),25–29 and coupling of oxide semiconductors.30 Zinc oxide is a very interesting semiconducting material with good environmental stability and low cost when compared with other nanosized transition metal oxides. The doping of Ni in ZnO is expected to modify the absorption, photocatalytic, and other physical or c
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