Synthesis of Cobalt Hydroxide Nano-flakes Functionalized with Glutamic Acid and Conjugated with Thiosemicarbazide for An
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Synthesis of Cobalt Hydroxide Nano-flakes Functionalized with Glutamic Acid and Conjugated with Thiosemicarbazide for Anticancer Activities Against Human Breast Cancer Cells Mona Bejarbaneh 1 & Zeinab Moradi-Shoeili 2 & Amir Jalali 3 & Ali Salehzadeh 1 Received: 18 August 2019 / Accepted: 15 January 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In recent years, researchers were attracted to nanomaterials components for their potential role in cancer treatment. This study aimed to develop a novel and biocompatible cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH)2) nano-flakes that is functionalized by glutamic acid (Glu) and conjugated to thiosemicarbazide (TSC) for anticancer activities against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Physicochemical properties of the Co(OH)2@Glu-TSC nanomaterial are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X–ray (EDX) analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. MTT assay, flow cytometry, and caspase-3 activity analysis used for evaluating anticancer properties of the Co(OH)2@Glu-TSC nanomaterial. The MTT assay result showed cellular uptake of Co(OH)2@Glu-TSC and cell viability loss in a concentrationdependent. Results of flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity analysis indicated the stimulation of apoptosis through an increase in Caspase-3 and nucleus fragmentation. In general, our findings indicate the anticancer activities of Co(OH)2@Glu-TSC nanomaterial and so it can be considered as a new treatment for breast cancer. However, further in vivo studies are required to evaluate the accumulation of Co(OH)2@Glu-TSC nanomaterial in healthy organs, such as the liver, kidneys, brain, and testes, and potential toxic effects. Keywords Cobalt hydroxide . Nano-flakes . Thiosemicarbazide . Glutamic acid . Breast cancer
Introduction Cancer is a severe public health problem worldwide. According to GLOBOCAN 2018 [1], the worldwide incidence and mortality rates for 36 types of cancer has increased to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths in 2018. In between, breast cancer with the second rank of diagnosis after lung cancer (11.6% in both sexes) and over 2.1 million new cases incidence in 2018 is the most commonly occurring and leading cause of cancer death among women. These numbers represent the importance of improvements in low-cost early detection methods, and * Ali Salehzadeh [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Biology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 41335–1914, Rasht, Iran
3
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran
treatment with easier access, higher efficacy, and safety for reducing the mortality of breast cancer. During the last decade, nanotechnology has rapidly evolved and created significant revolutionary developments in various fields of science, such as electronics, cosmetics, vaccine administration, therapeutics, and drug delivery s
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