Synthesis of surface-modified quantum dots
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Reviews Synthesis of surface-modified quantum dots G. V. Lisichkina and A. Yu. Olenina,b aLomonosov
Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Build. 3, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation. Fax: +7 (495) 932 8846. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] bVernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academу of Sciences, 19 ul. Kosygina, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation The review discusses the main methods used to obtain surface-modified quantum dots, specifically silicon, heavy metal chalcogenide and pnictide semiconductor nanoparticles. Examples of transformation processes of the grafted layer are considered. The importance of surface modification of АIIBVI- and AIIIBV-type semiconductor nanoparticles for the practical application of quantum dots is shown. It was determined that the most promising areas of their practical application are biology, medicine, and pharmacology. Special attention is paid to the hydrophilization of quantum dots, because only these materials can be used in biomedical applications. Modification of the quantum dot surface with amino acids is considered. Key words: nanoparticles, semiconductors, silicon, chalcogenides, quantum dots, luminescence, surface modification, grafted layer, hydrophobicity.
Introduction At the end of the twentieth century a new field of research emerged at the intersection of optics, spectroscopy, materials science, physical and colloidal chemistry, which included the synthesis and the practical application of semiconductor nanoparticles called "quantum dots" (QDs). These objects are unique luminophores with a narrow emission band. Materials, which were essentially quantum dots, were first obtained in 1981 by A. I. Ekimov and A. A. Onushchenko in glass.1 The term "quantum dot" was proposed by M. A. Reed2 in 1988. It should be noted that QDs are useful in areas such as conversion of light energy
into electrical energy,3 development of new generations of optoelectronic devices,4 development of coherent radiation sources,5 contrasting and staining of biological objects,6—8 medical diagnostics,9—11 directed transport of medical drugs,12 etc. The physics of QDs and the methods used for their synthesis have been thoroughly studied by researchers.13—15 Some of the most important areas of practical application of QDs are biomedicine, medical diagnostics, and bioanalysis.16—18 For biomedical applications, QD conjugates with antibodies, nucleotide and peptide aptamers and other large biomolecules are usually synthesized. During the
Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 1819—1828, October, 2020. 1066-5285/20/6910-1819 © 2020 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
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Lisichkin and Olenin
Russ. Chem. Bull., Int. Ed., Vol. 69, No. 10, October, 2020
synthesis of conjugates it is necessary to form strong bonds between the surface of the QD core and the biomolecule, to develop the requisite functional cover on the surface, and to ensure the required hydrophilicity or
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