Synthetic fish metallothionein design as a potential tool for monitoring toxic metals in water
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Synthetic fish metallothionein design as a potential tool for monitoring toxic metals in water Paola Caroline Nagamatsu 1 & Dámaso Ángel Rubio Vargas 1 & Maritana Mela Prodocimo 1 & Iracema Opuskevitch 2 & Fernando C.A.S. Ferreira 2 & Nilson Zanchin 3 & Ciro Alberto de Oliveira Ribeiro 1 & Claudemir de Souza 1 Received: 6 March 2020 / Accepted: 26 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The diversity of aquatic ecosystems impacted by toxic metals is widely distributed throughout the world. The application of metallothionein (MT) as an early warning sign of metal exposure in freshwater fish is important in biomonitoring, but a more accessible, sensitive, safe, and efficient new methodological strategy is necessary. On this way, a fish MT synthetic gene from Oreochromis aureos was expressed in Escherichia coli to produce polyclonal antibodies against the protein. In the validation assays, these antibodies were able to detect hepatic MT from freshwater fishes Oreochromis niloticus, Pimelodus maculatus, Prochilodus lineatus, and Salminus brasiliensis showing a potential tool for toxic metals biomarker in biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems. The current results showed the applicability of this molecule in quantitative immunoassays as a sensor for monitoring aquatic environments impacted by toxic metals. Due to the lack of methods focusing on metal pollution diagnostics in aquatic ecosystems, the current proposal revealed a promising tool to applications in biomonitoring programs of water resources, mainly in Brazil where the mining activity is very developed. Keywords Fish . Metallothionein . Biomarker . Toxic metal . Antibody . Immunoassay
Introduction The contamination of natural waters by pollutant discharges from urban, industrial, or agricultural activities decreases the water quality in aquatic ecosystems, increasing the risk of exposure to biota and human populations (dos Coimbra et al. 2013; Doria et al. 2017; Vardhan et al. 2019). Additionally, the exposure to a complex variety of pollutants is the main reason to explain many biological disorders, including diseases directly affecting the human health (dos Santos et al. 2016). More specifically, the bioaccumulation Responsible Editor: Severine Le Faucheur * Claudemir de Souza [email protected] 1
Laboratorio de Toxicologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa postal 19031, Cep, Curitiba, PR 81531-970, Brazil
2
Copel GeT-SOS/DNGT—Rua José Izidoro Biazetto, no. 18, Bloco A, CEP, Curitiba, PR 81200-240, Brazil
3
Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz-Pr, R. Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader 3775, Curitiba, PR 81350-010, Brazil
of toxic metals in aquatic ecosystems (Ghisi et al. 2011; Bussolaro et al. 2012; Li et al. 2019) is a serious concern worldwide and chronic exposure can lead to neurotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects (M’Kandawire et al. 2017). Diagnostics quality, accuracy, and time are the most important challenges for water quality stu
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