Target synthesis of dense C-coated ZnO for advanced lithium storage via a facile and cost-effective approach
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Target synthesis of dense C-coated ZnO for advanced lithium storage via a facile and cost-effective approach Liyu Deng 1 & Mengkun Wang 1 & Xu Ji 2 & Shuang Cheng 1 Received: 17 August 2020 / Revised: 5 October 2020 / Accepted: 9 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Herein, ZnO@C composite is synthesized through a facile, time saving, and ecofriendly chemical vapor deposition approach. Very thin and dense carbon layer is well coated on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles. As anode, the ZnO@C composite delivers a high reversible lithiation capacity of 685 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and good rate performance (still high as 225 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1) together with high initial Coulombic efficiency of ~ 72%, which are much better than that of bare ZnO. Keywords ZnO . Dense carbon coating . Anode . Nanocomposites . Energy storage and conversion
Introduction Lithium ion battery has received rapid development owning to its much preponderant advantage on energy density and has been widely used in modern society from electronic products, household appliances to electric vehicles [1–3]. Continuously rising requirements to safety, cost, environmental protection, and better performance make researchers line up to explore more advanced systems or materials with optimized micronanostructures [4–7]. Owing to its low cost, high production, and long cycle life, graphite, as a traditional commercial anode material, dominates the market of anode materials. However, it is struggling to meet the requirements due to its low theoretical capacity (372 mA h g −1) and low safety [8, 9]. Transition metal oxides (TMOs M = Mn, Ni, Fe, Zn, etc.), famous for high theoretical specific capacity due to phase conversion reaction mechanism, are being considered as promising candidates [10–13]. However, durability and rate performance of the TMOs are always unsatisfied due to the large volume change and the low intrinsic conductivity. Most importantly, the lithiation potential of most of the TMOs
* Shuang Cheng [email protected] 1
School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
2
College of Automation, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 5100225, China
is usually high, e.g., about 1.5 V vs Li/Li+ for FeOx, which is unfavorable for the construction of high operation voltage battery [14]. Unlike other TMOs, ZnO possesses not only high theoretical capacity of 978 mA h g−1 but also suitable lithiation potential of ~ 0.5 V which is higher than that of carbon based material and can avoid the formation of lithium dendrites while lower than most of the TMOs and can guarantee high operation voltage for a whole cell [15]. However, the intrinsic conductivity of ZnO is also low. Meanwhile, large volume change during the insertion/removal of Li+ is also cannot be avoided [16]. Therefore, tremendous efforts have been devoted to overcome these obstacles. Generally, downsizing the particle size to nanoscale and preparing composit
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