Template-based fabrication of nanoporous metals
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Nanoporous metallic foams with high surface area and novel functional behavior are positioned to stimulate new multifunctional and metamaterial applications. However, there are fundamental challenges in achieving uniform nanopores and tailorable morphology. Emerging templating methods offer a wide range of applicable metallic species while enhancing control of pore morphology, uniformity, and interconnectivity. Here, a critical review of nanoporous metal fabrication is presented, with focus on templating methods utilizing nanoporous polymeric templates. Metals are introduced into percolative nanochannels of sacrificial templates by deposition, and subsequent removal of templates yields ordered nanoporous metals. We introduce approaches for preparing nanoporous templates, including utilizing block copolymer selfassembly that yields periodic gyroid networks. While metallization of templates by electrodeposition has been demonstrated, electroless deposition permits uniform deposition by many metallic species and infiltration of narrow pores. Examples of nanoporous metals with uniform pore sizes below 50 nm fabricated by templating methods are examined.
Ying Chen
Ying Chen received her Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2008, and her B.S. in Materials Science and Engineering from Tsinghua University in 2004. Her doctoral research dealt with topological percolation effects in heterogeneous material systems (such as grain boundary networks and multiphase materials) and prediction of effective properties. She was a postdoctoral associate at MIT from 2008 to 2010, working on superelastic alloys for armor applications at the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies. She then worked as a materials scientist in the Structural and Functional Metals Laboratory at GE Global Research Center in Niskayuna, NY for over a year. While at GE she worked on fatigue and creep properties of polycrystalline superalloys for high temperature applications. She is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA. Her research primarily focuses on elucidating microstructure-mechanical property relationships in metallic materials using both experimental and mesoscale modeling approaches. Her current research interests include nanostructured metals, shape memory materials, interface engineering, microstructure design, and mechanical properties. She is an active member of Materials Research Society and has recently co-organized two MRS symposia on metals in extreme conditions and interfaces, respectively.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nanoporous metals (NPMs) containing a network of nanoscale pores provide an attractive combination of physical and mechanical properties afforded to them by their nanostructures. Offering low density, high specific (i.e., density-normalized) surface area, and high specific strength while retaining many characteristics of bulk metals, this burgeoning class of metallic materials has garnered co
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