Temporal GIS and Applications
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Temporal GIS and Applications M AY Y UAN Department of Geography and Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA Synonyms Spatio-temporal information systems; Spatio-temporal informatics; Process; Snapshots; Matrices, geographic; Interaction, space-time; Timestamps; Event; Movement; Activity; Ontology, spatio-temporal; SNAP; SPAN; Reasoning, spatio-temporal Definition Geographic information is inherently spatial and temporal. Geographic applications often demand an integrative approach to examine changes and interactions over space and time. Temporal geographic information systems (GIS) are defined here as GIS capable of incorporating temporality into geospatial databases and enabling spatiotemporal
query, analysis, and modeling. Adding time into geospatial databases is a far from trivial task. Currently, commercial or public-domain temporal GIS support cell-based spatial data (i. e., rasters) or spatial data objects with one or restricted sets of simple geometries, mostly point- or line-based data only. Research-grade temporal GIS remain limited to pilot studies or prototypes. While comprehensive temporal GIS are still unavailable, much progress has been made to advance the conceptualization, representation, and reasoning of changes, events, processes, and dynamics in geographic worlds. Once implemented, comprehensive, robust temporal GIS can significantly empower an integrative spatial and temporal understanding of the geographic world. Historical Background As early as 1961, the geographer James M. Blaut promoted the idea of space as the basic organization of geographic concepts and that every empirical concept of space must be reducible by a chain of definitions to a concept of process. His argument represents a classic space-centered view of geography and a process-based approach to uniting space and time. The thought continues in geographic data handling and analysis and in GIS developments. Geographer Brian Berry later proposed geographic matrices of places and characteristics as a basic framework to facilitate place-to-place comparison of geographic variables. He furthermore organized geographic matrices in a temporal sequence to aid the study of changes in spatial association and areal differentiation. The structure of geographic matrices closely resembles the snapshot approach to incorporating the temporal dimension into GIS databases by time sequencing GIS data layers. Nevertheless, there are also significant differences between the geographic matrices and GIS data layers. Instead of places, GIS data layers use spatial data objects (cells or geometric objects) to represent spatial dimensionality and location and to position spatial data objects in different rows and their characteristics in columns. The strong r
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