Termite Gut Flagellates and Their Methanogenic and Eubacterial Symbionts
Termites harbor an abundance and diversity of symbiotic microbes in their gut that comprise all the three domains of life: Eucarya, Bacteria, and Archaea. One of the most prominent features of this microbiota is the cellular association of the gut flagell
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Contents 1 2
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Methanogenic Endosymbionts of Termite Gut Flagellates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.1 Phylogeny of Endosymbiotic Methanogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.2 Predicted Functions of Endosymbiotic Methanogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3 Eubacterial Symbionts of Termite Gut Flagellates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.1 Phylogeny of Ectosymbiotic Eubacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.2 Phylogeny of Endosymbiotic Eubacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.3 Predicted Functions of Eubacterial Symbionts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4 Genomics of Endosymbionts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Abstract Termites harbor an abundance and diversity of symbiotic microbes in their gut that comprise all the three domains of life: Eucarya, Bacteria, and Archaea. One of the most prominent features of this microbiota is the cellular association of the gut flagellates with eubacteria and/or methanogenic archaea. The eubacterial and methanogenic symbionts are observed both inside and on the surface of the host flagellate cells. Although molecular approaches have gradually revealed the phylogenetic and spatial structures of these as-yet-uncultivable symbiotic complexes, their functions remain largely unknown. Recently, a method to acquire the complete genome sequence of uncultured bacterial species from a small number of cells Y. Hongoh (*) Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama 2-12-1-W3-48, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM), RIKEN BioResource Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan e-mail: [email protected] M. Ohkuma Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM), RIKEN BioResource Center, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
J.H.P. Hackstein (ed.), (Endo)symbiotic Methanogenic Archaea, Microbiology Monographs 19, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-13615-3_5, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010
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Y. Hongoh and M. Ohkuma
has been developed; two complete genome sequences of endosymbiotic eubacteria of termite gut flagellates hav
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