Tertiary Plastid Endosymbioses in Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates are a peculiar group of protists with a surprising and varied history of plastid acquisition. They employ a variety of trophic strategies including photoautotrophy, heterotrophy, and mixotrophy, with multiple modes of food ingestion identi
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bstract Dinoflagellates are a peculiar group of protists with a surprising and varied history of plastid acquisition. They employ a variety of trophic strategies including photoautotrophy, heterotrophy, and mixotrophy, with multiple modes of food ingestion identified. This collection of features apparently preadapted dinoflagellates for acquisition of a bewildering array of photosynthetic bodies ranging from “stolen” plastids (or kleptoplastids) through permanent endosymbionts to true plastids, acquired in various primary, secondary, and tertiary endosymbioses. In this chapter, we focus on tertiary plastid endosymbioses (that is, uptake of an alga with a complex, secondary plastid), and especially on three that show distinct levels of host–endosymbiont integration. These endosymbiotic consortia are represented by (1) cryptophyte-derived kleptoplastids in Dinophysis species, (2) diatom endosymbionts in genera known as “dinotoms” (e.g., Kryptoperidinium and Durinskia), and (3) haptophyte-derived plastids in Karenia, Karlodinium, and Takayama. We discuss details of the structures, evolutionary origins, and processes involved in these varied endosymbioses, including feeding mechanisms, endosymbiotic gene transfer, and how nucleus-encoded proteins are targeted to each of these photosynthetic entities. Available data support previous predictions that all these photosynthetic bodies evolved via replacements of the peridinin plastid found in most photosynthetic dinoflagellates.
P. Gagat • P. Mackiewicz (*) Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63⁄77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland e-mail: [email protected] A. Bodył Laboratory of Evolutionary Protistology, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Wrocław, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63⁄77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland J.W. Stiller Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Howell Science, N108, Greenville, NC 27858, USA W. Lo¨ffelhardt (ed.), Endosymbiosis, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1303-5_13, © Springer-Verlag Wien 2014
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Contents Dinoflagellates: A Peculiar Protist Group with Experience in Plastid Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . General Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Core” Dinoflagellates: Their Characteristic Cellular and Molecular Features . . . . . . . . . . . Phylogeny of “Core” Dinoflagellates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trophic Strategies in “Core” Dinoflagellates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixotrophy: A Trophic Strategy Widespread in Dinoflagellates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feeding Mechanisms in Dinoflagellates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What Are the Differences Between Endosymbionts and Cell
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