Testicular volumes revisited: A proposal for a simple clinical method that can closely match the volumes obtained by ult
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RESEARCH
Open Access
Testicular volumes revisited: A proposal for a simple clinical method that can closely match the volumes obtained by ultrasound and its clinical application Juan F Sotos1* and Naomi J Tokar2*
Abstract Background: The testicular volumes obtained with the clinical methods, calculated using the ellipsoid equation W2 x L x π/6, correlate with those obtained by ultrasound (US) and are useful clinically, but overestimate ultrasound values, mainly because of the inclusion of the scrotal skin and epididymis, have much variability, and may not be accurate or reproducible. The US measurement is somewhat inconvenient, because it requires another procedure and, mainly, is costly. It would be helpful to have a simple, low cost clinical method that approximates or closely matches the results obtained by ultrasound. Formulas, equivalent to the ellipsoid equations, were developed to calculate testicular volumes with corrections of the width (W), length (L), and height (H) of the testis obtained in the scrotum to avoid the inclusion of the scrotal skin and epididymis. Subjects & methods: The US observations in our hospital of the width, height, length, height/width, and length/ width ratios and volumes of 110 testes from 55 children from 1 month to 17 ½ years of age were reviewed. Based on these observations and those reported by others, formulas to apply to the clinical measurements were developed to approximate the volumes obtained by ultrasound. The validity and accuracy of the formulas were determined. For the clinical application of the formulas, measurements of the width of the testis in the scrotum, with a centimeter ruler, were obtained in 187 study subjects in different stages of puberty and adults, for a total of 374 testicular determinations. Results: The widths obtained in the scrotum were corrected by subtracting the values of the double scrotal skin. The formulas were then applied and the testicular volumes determined. The testicular volumes were then compared to the ultrasound values reported in hundreds of subjects by four different groups and statistically analyzed. The volumes obtained by the formulas (means ± SD) closely matched the volumes obtained by ultrasound. Conclusion: A simple clinical method, based on the width of the testis obtained in the scrotum with a centimeter ruler, which can determine testicular volumes closely matching those reported by ultrasound, is proposed. Keywords: Testicular volume, Gonadal development, Pubertal changes
* Correspondence: [email protected]; Naomi.Tokar@ NationwideChildrens.org 1 Department of Pediatric, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA 2 Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA © 2012 Sotos and Tokar.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms
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