Texture and Microstructure Evolution During Single-Point Incremental Forming of Commercially Pure Titanium
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INTRODUCTION
IN recent years, a new technology has been developed in the forming industries, namely incremental sheet forming, to meet the market needs for small batch production of sheet metal components.[1–10] Contrary to conventional sheet metal forming processes where shaped dies and punches are used and the sheet is formed in a solitary step, incremental sheet forming (ISF) involves a small tool that moves along user-defined paths and incrementally develops the desired shape.[1–8] Over the years, different variants of incremental sheet-forming methods have been developed such as single-point incremental forming (SPIF), twopoint incremental forming (TPIF) and double-sided incremental forming (DSIF).[4,7] Of all these methods, single-point incremental forming has received the most
SUMEET MISHRA, K.U. YAZAR, and SATYAM SUWAS are with the Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore, 560012, India. Contact e-mail: [email protected] AMLAN KAR is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore, 560012, India. R. LINGAM, and N.V. Reddy are with the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 502205, India. OM PRAKASH is with Boeing Research & Technology - India Center, Bangalore 560016, India. Manuscript submitted October 9, 2019.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
attention. The biggest advantage of the SPIF process over conventional sheet forming is that the sheet metal can be deformed well beyond the forming limit curve in the SPIF process.[1,3,6,11,12] The local nature of deformation during the SPIF process is considered to be the foremost reason behind improved formability.[11] Emmens et al.[11] showed that through-thickness shear and contact stress are the two main factors contributing to improved formability in the ISF process. The Marciniak–Kuczynski analysis was employed by Eyckens et al.[12] to illustrate the effect of through-thickness shear on forming limit curve. It was observed that the forming limit curve was significantly raised in the presence of through-thickness shear (TTS). The effect of TTS on the formability, dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, etc., has been thoroughly investigated in the past.[12–15] Maqbool et al.[16] showed through FEM simulations that variation in tool diameter and vertical step size can vary the amount of TTS in SPIF. Similarly, Smith et al.[17] have also shown that the presence of contact stress will raise the forming limit curve and hence improve the formability of the material. From the above paragraph it is evident that several studies have been carried out to address the improved formability of the SPIF process. These studies have mainly focused on determining the macroscopic state of deformation (state of stress and strain) and its subsequent effect on the forming limit curve. However, the evolution of crystallographic texture and microstructure
during SPIF, which is known to affect the deformation beha
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