The Age of Ideology Political Ideologies from the American Revolutio
The ideologies of Liberalism, Socialism and Conservatism have dominated political argument since the American and French revolutions. The Age of Ideology traces their emergence, their relationship to Modernity and the Enlightenment, and their current cris
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Also by John Schwarzmantel STRUCTURES OF POWER: An Introduction to Politics SOCIALISM AND THE IDEA OF THE NATION THE STATE IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY
The Age of Ideology Political Ideologies from the American Revolution to Postmodern Times
John Schwarzmantel
© John Schwarzmantel 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998 978-0-333-65044-8 Ali rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 1998 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-65045-5 ISBN DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-25941-0
978-1-349-25941-0 (eBook)
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 07 06 05 04 03 02 OI 00 99 98 Copy-edited and typeset by Povey-Edmondson Tavistock and Rochdale, England
For Ernst and Maria Wangermann in gratitude and affection
Contents xi
Preface Introduction: Ideology and the Crisis of Modernity PART I
ENLIGHTENMENT AND EMANCIPATION
1 The Politics of Modernity The Origins of Modernity The Rise of the Masses Enlightenment Philosophy The Philosophy of Emancipation The Ideal of the Republic Civil Society Public Opinion and the Public Sphere Towards Revolution 2 The Revolutionary ChaUenge The Discourse of Democracy Sovereignty and Representation America: The New Republic France: The People-Nation The Idea of Citizenship PART II
1
17
19 22 23 26 28 31 34 37 40
41 43 47 52 56
IDEOLOGIES OF MODERNITY
63 64 67
3 Liberalism and Modernity The Modernist Agenda Liberty and Progress Danger of Revolution Individualism and Equality Dilemmas of Liberalism
72
76 82
4 Socialism and Emancipation The Organisation of Production Harmony and Association vii
87
87 92
Contents
viii Marxism and Modernity Problems of Marxism Socialism in Crisis?
94 100 103
5 Conservative Critiques
110
Defining 'the Right' Conservatism and Modernity The Organic Community The Revolutionary Right The Future of the Right
112 115 120 123 126
6 Nationalism and its Ambiguities The Paradoxes of Nationalism Nationalism and Modernity The Malleability of Nationalism The Resurgence of Nationalism Nationalism in Postmodern times
131 133 137 141 144 145
PART III THE CRISIS OF IDEOLOGIES
7 The Crisis of Modernity
Theoretical Critiques of Modernity The Transformation of Modernity The Crisis of the Nation-State
