The application of noninvasive, restraint-free eye-tracking methods for use with nonhuman primates
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The application of noninvasive, restraint-free eye-tracking methods for use with nonhuman primates Lydia M. Hopper 1 & Roberto A. Gulli 2 & Lauren H. Howard 3 & Fumihiro Kano 4 & Christopher Krupenye 5,6 & Amy M. Ryan 7,8,9 & Annika Paukner 10
# The Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2020
Abstract Over the past 50 years there has been a strong interest in applying eye-tracking techniques to study a myriad of questions related to human and nonhuman primate psychological processes. Eye movements and fixations can provide qualitative and quantitative insights into cognitive processes of nonverbal populations such as nonhuman primates, clarifying the evolutionary, physiological, and representational underpinnings of human cognition. While early attempts at nonhuman primate eye tracking were relatively crude, later, more sophisticated and sensitive techniques required invasive protocols and the use of restraint. In the past decade, technology has advanced to a point where noninvasive eye-tracking techniques, developed for use with human participants, can be applied for use with nonhuman primates in a restraint-free manner. Here we review the corpus of recent studies (N=32) that take such an approach. Despite the growing interest in eye-tracking research, there is still little consensus on “best practices,” both in terms of deploying test protocols or reporting methods and results. Therefore, we look to advances made in the field of developmental psychology, as well as our own collective experiences using eye trackers with nonhuman primates, to highlight key elements that researchers should consider when designing noninvasive restraint-free eye-tracking research protocols for use with nonhuman primates. Beyond promoting best practices for research protocols, we also outline an ideal approach for reporting such research and highlight future directions for the field. Keywords Comparative cognition . Eye tracking . Nonhuman primate . Noninvasive methods . Perception . Refinement . Welfare
Introduction Neural and muscular control of the eyes may have evolved to facilitate stability of the retinal image during head and body movements. Stabilizing gaze during movement fixes the visual field projection onto the retina, allowing for photosensitive receptors on the retina to depolarize (Walls, 1962). Across phyla, these compensatory movements are often ballistic, in * Lydia M. Hopper [email protected] 1
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the form of eye, head, or body saccades (Land, 1999). Analogous movements of the head and body have been observed in phyla as distant as mantids (Rossel, 1980), Mollusca (Collewijn, 1970), and arthropods (Land, 1969; Paul, Nalbach, & Varjú, 1990). As an extension of this involuntary-compensatory motor control system, many animals, including mammals, have evolved the capacity for eye movements, including fixation, smooth pursuit, and voluntary 5
Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP,
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