The Biogeochemical Methane Cycle
Methane, the simplest alkane, is one of the most important and abundant carbon molecules on Earth. It is a major supply of energy, a chemical feedstock, and a potent greenhouse gas. Aside from thermogenic, pyrogenic, and abiotic sources, methane is primar
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Michael J. Whiticar
Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biogeochemical Process of Microbial Methane Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microbial Methane in Marine Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microbial Methane in Freshwater and Terrestrial Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microbial Methane in Special Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methane Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Biological Methane Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Aerobic Methane Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane (AOM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Atmospheric Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract
Methane, the simplest alkane, is one of the most important and abundant carbon molecules on Earth. It is a major supply of energy, a chemical feedstock, and a potent greenhouse gas. Aside from thermogenic, pyrogenic, and abiotic sources, methane is primarily formed in the Earth’s surface by a variety of microbial processes, i.e., methanogenesis. These processes utilize a range of pathways that involve small carbon-bearing molecules, e.g., CO2, acetate, etc. Methanogens are active in widely diverse anaerobic environments, e.g., rocks, soils, sediments, lakes, oceans, and animals, and cover a wide ecological habitats extending from M. J. Whiticar (*) Biogeochemistry Facility (BF-SEOS), School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg, HWK (Institute for Advanced Study), Delmenthorst, Germany e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 H. Wilkes (ed.), Hydrocarbons, Oils and Lipids: Diversity, Origin, Chemistry and Fate, Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90569-3_5
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1 C to 122 C, pH 5 to 11, and sal
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