The Biological Effects and Possible Modes of Action of Nanosilver
Engineered nanomaterials are increasingly employed in a variety of applications. The size of nanoparticles, by definition, ranges between 1 and 100 nm in at least one dimension (The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004). Such dimensions
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Contents 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 2 The In Vitro Toxicity of Silver ............................................................................................. 2.1 Silver as Disruptor of Basal Cell Functions ................................................................ 2.2 The Antibacterial Properties of Silver Compounds .................................................... 3 The In Vivo Toxicity of Silver ............................................................................................. 4 Are Effects Caused by Nanoparticles or Released Silver Ions?........................................... 5 Conclusions and Future Research ........................................................................................ 6 Summary .............................................................................................................................. References ..................................................................................................................................
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Introduction
Engineered nanomaterials are increasingly employed in a variety of applications. The size of nanoparticles, by definition, ranges between 1 and 100 nm in at least one dimension (The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004). Such dimensions result in a high surface area to volume ratio. The subsequent chemical, physical, and biological properties of nanomaterials are unique, and lead to diverse technical applications and prospectively to widespread use in commercial products. In 2004, the production volume of nanomaterials was estimated to be 2,000 t worldwide, and is expected to rise to 58,000 t within the next decade (The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004). Currently, the majority of nanotechnology-enabled consumer products are based on nanoscale silver (Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 2011).
C. Völker (*) • M. Oetken • J. Oehlmann Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany e-mail: [email protected] D.M. Whitacre (ed.), Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 223, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5577-6_4, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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Because of its antimicrobial properties that were initially used to dress wounds, sanitize medical equipment, and treat water (Gaiser et al. 2009), nanosilver use has been extended to a variety of products, including textiles, cosmetics, food packaging materials, and electronics (Wijnhoven et al. 2009). Silver compounds have long been used for their bactericidal properties (Kim et al. 2002; Silver et al. 2006). The number of applications to which nanosilver is increasingly being put suggests that it has higher activity than its bulk counterpart (Choi et al. 2008). The majority
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