The casting of steel
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The Casting of Steel
F. WEINBERG R. F. Mehl Medalist
The solidification of metals will be considered as it relates to the casting process. Current theories and mechanisms will be examined with reference to their applicability to situations encountered in industry. The solidification process in static cast steel ingots and continuously cast steel will be considered in some detail, based on experimental observations. These observations were made from in-plant tests in which radioactive gold was added to the liquid pool during solidification. The results will be related to a mathematical model of the system based on a heat flow analysis. Using the model, predictions of middle and center line cracking of continuously cast billets have been made which conform with observed cracking.
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UR understanding of the casting of steel is based on our understanding of how castings solidify. Accordingly, I shall first, briefly, look at the state of the art and assess, in my opinion, what contributes to a quantitative description of the structure and properties of cast metals. Before looking at what we know, let me remind you that metals have been cast for a very long time. Several months ago I visited the Archaeological Museum in Athens and saw a number of large bronze statues cast during the golden age of Greece—about 450 B.C. The Institute of Metals Lecture was established in 1921, at which time the Institute ofMetals Division was the only professional Division within the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. It has been given annually since 1922 by distinguished men from this country and abroad. Beginning in 1973 and thereafter, the person selected to deliver the lecture will be known as the "Institute of Metals Division Lecturer and R. F. Mehl Medalist" for that year. F. WEINBERG is currently Professor of Metallurgy in the Department of Metallurgy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. He graduated in Engineering Physics at the University of Toronto in 1947, and at the same university obtained an M.A. in physics in 1948 and a Ph.D. in Metallurgy in 1951. He then joined the Physical Metallurgy Division, Mines Branch, Department of Energy Mines and Resources in Ottawa as a Research Scientist. In 1958 he became Section Head of the Metal Physics Section in the Physical Metallurgy Division. He was appointed to the Metallurgy Department of the University of British Columbia in 1967 as a professor. During 1963-1964 he spent a sabbatical year at the Cavendish Laboratory, in Cambridge. His research interests have been directed towards solidification, grain-boundary properties, and plastic deformation. METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS A
The castings appeared to be of excellent quality, equal to what is cast today. Going back a little further, Fig. 1 shows two excellent arsenitic bronze castings probably made by the lost wax process. The ibex heads (a) are about 50 cm high, the casting (b) is partially hollow. They are two of 500 castings, found at Nahal Mishmar in Israel, near the Dead Sea, and were made 5
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