The Classification and Phylogeny of Insects
The classification of insects has passed through many changes and with the growth of detailed knowledge an increasing number of orders has come to be recognized. Handlirsch (1908) and Wilson and Doner (1937) have reviewed the earlier attempts at classific
- PDF / 1,412,053 Bytes
- 11 Pages / 439.37 x 666.142 pts Page_size
- 27 Downloads / 181 Views
422
GENERAL TEXTBOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY
(1960), Rohdendorf (1969b) and especially by Hennig (1953, 1969) and Kristensen (1974). The fossil groups have been reviewed by Handlirsch (1937-39), Martynov (1938), Laurentiaux (1953), Martynova (1961) and Rohdendorf (1962, 1969a) as well as in many special studies, some of which are listed on pp. 403-7. Details of the fossil record are tabulated by Crowson et al. ( 1967). The first four orders, the Apterygote insects, are primitively apterous forms with only a slight metamorphosis; they usually moult several times after attaining sexual maturity and the adults have one or more pairs of pregenital appendages. The mandibles usually articulate with the head-capsule at a single point. Order I. THYSANURA Order 2. DIPLURA Order 3: PROTURA Order 4· COLLEMBOLA The remaining 25 orders are the Pterygote insects and their adults are winged or secondarily apterous. Their metamorphosis is varied, the adults do not moult and they have no pregenital abdominal appendages. Unless highly modified, the mandibles articulate with the· head-capsule at two points. The Pterygotes fall into two sections. Orders 5 to 20 below constitute the Exopterygotes, normally with a simple, incomplete (hemimetabolous) metamorphosis. There is usually no pupal instar, the wings develop externally, and the immature stages (known either as larvae or nymphs) usually resemble the adults in structure and habits. Order 5· Order 6. Order 7· Order 8. Order 9· Order 10. Order II. Order 12. Order 13. Order 14. Order 15. Order 16. Order 17. Order 18. Order 19. Order 20.
EPHEMEROPTERA } ODONATA PLECOPTERA GRYLLOBLATTODEA ORTHOPTERA PHASMIDA DERMAPTERA EMBIOPTERA
Palaeopteran orders
Orthopteroid orders
DICTYOPTERA ISOPTERA ZORAPTERA PSOCOPTERA MALLOPHAGA SIPHUNCULATA HEMIPTERA THYSANOPTERA
}
llentipteroid orders
The 9 remaining orders are the Endopterygotes, with a complete (holometabolous) metamorphosis, accompanied by a pupal instar. The wings develop internally and the larvae differ from the adults in structure and habits.
CLASSIFICATION AND PHYLOGENY OF INSECTS
Order 21. Order 22. Order 23. Order 24. Order 25. Order 26. Order 27. Order 28. Order 29.
NEUROPTERA COLEOPTERA STREPSIPTERA MECOPTERA SIPHONAPTERA DIPTERA LEPIDOPTERA TRICHOPTERA HYMENOPTERA
}
423
Panorpoid orders
The Apterygote orders are a rather diverse assemblage which seem to represent more than one evolutionary line and which should probably not be grouped together as a single subclass, the Apterygota, as was done in older classifications. Manton (1964, 1972, 1973) adopts an extreme position in believing that all four Apterygote orders and the Pterygotes evolved their hexapod condition independently from more primitive Myriapod-like stock, thus supporting those entomologists who, since the time of Handlirsch (1908), have treated them as separate subclasses or classes. Certainly the Thysanura, Diplura, Protura and Collembola are very different from one another, but the Lepismatidae resemble the Pterygota in several apparently fundamental respects (
Data Loading...
