The Codes of Life The Rules of Macroevolution

Building on a range of disciplines – from biology and anthropology to philosophy and linguistics – this book draws on the expertise of leading names in the study of organic, mental and cultural codes brought together by the emerging discipline of biosemio

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BIOSEMIOTICS VOLUME 1 Series Editors

Marcello Barbieri Professor of Embryology University of Ferrara, Italy President Italian Association for Theoretical Biology Editor-in-Chief Biosemiotics Jesper Hoffmeyer Associate Professor in Biochemistry University of Copenhagen President International Society for Biosemiotic Studies

Aims and Scope of the Series Combining research approaches from biology, philosophy and linguistics, the emerging field of biosemiotics proposes that animals, plants and single cells all engage in semiosis – the conversion of physical signals into conventional signs. This has important implications and applications for issues ranging from natural selection to animal behaviour and human psychology, leaving biosemiotics at the cutting edge of the research on the fundamentals of life. The Springer book series Biosemiotics draws together contributions from leading players in international biosemiotics, producing an unparalleled series that will appeal to all those interested in the origins and evolution of life, including molecular and evolutionary biologists, ecologists, anthropologists, psychologists, philosophers and historians of science, linguists, semioticians and researchers in artificial life, information theory and communication technology.

The Codes of Life The Rules of Macroevolution

Edited by

Marcello Barbieri University of Ferrara Italy

Marcello Barbieri University of Ferrara Italy

ISBN 978-1-4020-6339-8

e-ISBN 978-1-4020-6340-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007939395 © 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Front Cover: The illustrations represent cell samples that have been utilized in signal transduction studies of the kind described in Chapter 9 by Nadir Maraldi. The micrographs show a hippocampal neuron labelled with biocytin (the yellow signal indicates synaptic contacts) at the left, and mouse myoblasts stained for emerin and f-actin, at the right. (By kind permission of the authors of the micrographs, S. Santi and G. Lattanzi, who obtained them in the laboratory directed by Nadir Maraldi). Printed on acid-free paper. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

Editorial The New Frontier of Biology Marcello Barbieri

Codes and conventions are the basis of all cultural phenomena and from time immemorial have divided the world of culture from the world of nature. The rules of grammar, the laws of government, the precepts of religion, the value of money, the cooking recipes, the fairy tales, and the rules of chess are all human conventions that are profoundly different from the laws of physics and chemistry, and this has led to the conclusion that there is an unbridgea