The Combinatory Systems Theory Understanding, Modeling and Simulatin
This study adopts the logic of Systems Thinking and Control Systems, presenting a simple but complete theory called the Theory of Combinatory Systems. This new theory is able to describe, interpret, explain, simulate and control collective phenomena and t
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Piero Mella
The Combinatory Systems Theory Understanding, Modeling and Simulating Collective Phenomena
Contemporary Systems Thinking Series Editor: Robert L. Flood Maastricht School of Management The Netherlands
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5807
Piero Mella
The Combinatory Systems Theory Understanding, Modeling and Simulating Collective Phenomena
Piero Mella Department of Economics and Management University of Pavia Pavia, PV, Italy
ISSN 1568-2846 Contemporary Systems Thinking ISBN 978-3-319-54803-6 ISBN 978-3-319-54805-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54805-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017941621 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To my son Lorenzo who has always been a source of inspiration to me
Preface
If in the midst of a crowd you stare intently at the moon, all around you will suddenly do the same. It is inevitable (Anonymous)
The text—This study adopts the logic of Systems Thinking (Mella 2012) and Control Systems (Mella 2014a), presenting a simple and hopefully complete theory that I have called the Theory of Combinatory Systems, which is able to describe, interpret, explain, simulate, and control collective phenomena and their observable effects. Why do paths form in fields? Why does a fashion quickly arise, only to disappear just as quickly? Why are some park benches or walls covered in graffiti while others nearby are spotless? How does a feud develop? Why, in Pavia, in the span of a few decades, have over 150 towers been built, all alike, without any apparent function, if not a symbolic one? How can we explai
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