The Computerization of Archaeology: Survey on Artificial Intelligence Techniques
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The Computerization of Archaeology: Survey on Artificial Intelligence Techniques Lorenzo Mantovan1 · Loris Nanni1 Received: 29 May 2020 / Accepted: 3 August 2020 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2020
Abstract This paper analyses the application of artificial intelligence techniques to various areas of archaeology and more specifically: (1) the use of software tools as a creative stimulus for the organization of exhibitions; the use of humanoid robots and holographic displays as guides that interact and involve museum visitors; (2) the analysis of methods for the classification of fragments found in archaeological excavations and for the reconstruction of ceramics, with the recomposition of the parts of text missing from historical documents and epigraphs; (3) the cataloging and study of human remains to understand the social and historical context of belonging with the demonstration of the effectiveness of the AI techniques used; (4) the detection of particularly difficult terrestrial archaeological sites with the analysis of the architectures of the Artificial Neural Networks most suitable for solving the problems presented by the site; the design of a study for the exploration of marine archaeological sites, located at depths that cannot be reached by man, through the construction of a freely explorable 3D version. Keywords Archaeology · AI algorithms · Museums · Archeological site · Finds
Introduction In classical Greek, archaiologhia is a word composed of two elements: archaios, which means ancient, and loghia, that is speech; in the early nineteenth century, the term archaeology assumed the meaning of studying the finds of antiquity in their artistic meaning: the sculptures, paintings, and ancient buildings seen in relation to the categories of beauty and ugliness, without taking into account the context in which the artefact it had been produced. In the same period, the first major European public museums were established, such as the Louvre in Paris, which generally contained an archaeological section with bas-reliefs and ancient statues. Over time, the word archaeology, however, acquired a more autonomous meaning from the history of classical art: it went on to indicate the excavation activity, carried out through specific techniques, for the search for finds from * Lorenzo Mantovan [email protected]; [email protected] Loris Nanni [email protected] 1
past civilizations. Nowadays archaeology deals, with the same interest and with the same passion, both of a “miraculously” intact statue and of a simple crock of vase. Over the years, a new and more correct idea has matured according to which the finding is studied to have more information on the historical–political, economic, and cultural condition of the period to which it belongs. Archaeology also makes use of other disciplines defined, for this, “related” or “auxiliary” such as archeometry, anthropology, remote sensing, and numismatics [1]. With the development of technology and the spread of informati
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