The Danube Swabians German Populations in Hungary, Rumania and Yugos
Sedulo curavi humanas actiones non rid ere , non lugere, neque detestari, sed intelligere. SPINOZA This monograph is an attempt to present some information on the fabric and patterns of an ethnic minority group whose destiny was totally deflected by Hitle
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THE DANUBE SW ABIANS
STUDIES IN SOCIAL LIFE
x
EDITOR:
GUNTHER BEYER
ADVISORY BOARD P. J. BOUMAN, University of Groningen
JEAN GOTTMANN, University of Paris
WALTER HOFFMANN, University of Miinster
LIVIO LIVI, University of Rome
THE DANUBE SWABIANS German Populations in Hungary, Rumania and Yugoslavia and Hitler's impact on their Patterns
by
G. C. PAIKERT
THE HAGUE
MAR TINUS NIJHOFF 19 6 7
ISBN 978-94-011-9719-9 ISBN 978-94-011-9717-5 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-94-011-9717-5
Copyright I967 by Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof in any form Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1967
CONTENTS
Pre/ace
IX
Acknowledgments Abbreviations
XIII XV
Scope and Objectives PART ONE
Hungary
5
The early Magyar State-First German immigrations 7 The 18th century "Great Swabian Migration" The Austrian military border - Growing differences - Swabian settlements in Hungary 13 CHAPTER III. Socio-economic texture of the Swabians in the period before World War II 30 CHAPTER IV. Hungarian policies on minorities education, 18681944 - Patterns in culture 43 C HAP T E R V . Relations between state and minorities in the period before Hitler 62 CHAPTER VI. Swabian views on the Magyar state idea - Political and organizational texture of the Swabians in the pre-Hitler period 80 CHAPTER VII. Relations of the Volksdeutsche with Germany and Austria before the Nazi era - The role of the Deutsches Auslandsinstitut 94 CHAPTER VIII. Political and organizational texture of the Swabians from the rise of Hitler to the end of World War II The course of nazification 114 CHAPTER IX. The Swabians and the third Reich - Nazified and "co-ordinated" - Recruited for the Waffen SS 134 CHAPTER 1.
CHAPTER II.
VIII
CONTENTS
CHAPTER X. Hungary and Hitler's Germany - Currents and counter-currents - Hungarian visions and realities CHAPTER XI. Wartime territorial gains of Hungary and the Swabians of these areas - Variations on an old theme CHAPTER XII. Evacuation and flight CHAPTER XIII. The immediate post-World War II period CHAPTER XIV. Expulsion - The Swabians in present day Hungary CHAPTER XV. Post mortem on the expulsion CHAPTER XVI. The "Great Homecoming" - Settlement in West Germany
PART TWO
152 170 179 193 20 3 218 229
Rumania
CHAPTER XVII. A survey of the Danube Swabians in Rumania a. Volume and habitat b. Socio-economic fabric c. Church, school and cultural orientation d. Political orientation, nazification, World War II e. Transfer effectuated by the Nazis f. Flight and evacuation g. The situation after the defeat of Nazi-Germany
245 245 246 247 249 255 256 258
PART THREE
261
Yugoslavia
CHAPTER XVIII. The Swabian scene before the rise of Hitler a. Volume and habitat b. Socio-economic fabric c. Church, school and cultural organizations d. Political orientation CHAPTER XIX. The Swabian scene after the rise of Hitler a. World War II and the Volksdeutsche b. Transfer and evacuation effectuated by the Nazis c. Flight and
