The Determinants of External Engagement of Hard Scientists: A Study of Generational and Country Differences in Europe
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Original Article
The Determinants of External Engagement of Hard Scientists: A Study of Generational and Country Differences in Europe Sude Peks¸ ena , Anabela Queiro´sb, Alenka Flanderc, Liudvika Leisˇyt_ea and Ville Tenhunend a
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal. Centre of the Republic of Slovenia for Mobility and Educational and Training Programmes, CMEPIUS, Ljubljana, Slovenia. d University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. b University c
In the context of transformation of the higher education landscape by Knowledge Society imperatives, there is an increase in academics’ external engagement, especially in the fields of hard sciences. This trend is noticeable in various European countries with different higher education models, but rather limited knowledge in understanding the generational influence on external engagement of academics exists, taking into account the broad range of external engagement activities. The aim of this paper is to examine generational differences by conducting cross-country analyses (N = 976) across different European countries and higher education models. The findings show that there is a trend towards academics’ engagement in spin-off/start-up creation in Finland, volunteer-based activities in Slovenia, teaching-related activities in Portugal and consultancy activities in Lithuania and in additional also is evidence for generational differences in academics’ external engagement. The logistic regression shows positive relationship between consolidate generation academics and patenting/licensing activities, younger generation and spin-off/start-up creation as well as intermediate generation and giving public lectures/speeches and producing publications for broader society. Higher Education Policy (2020). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-020-00214-w Keywords: external engagement; generational effects; patenting; spin-off creation; commercialization; knowledge transfer
Introduction The traditional roles of research and teaching at universities have been increasingly supplemented with the external engagement of academia and industry, government, broader public and civil society (Carayannis and Campbell, 2018). Much of this development has been driven by Science, Technology and Innovation (ST&I)
Sude Peks¸ en et al. The Determinants of External Engagement of Hard Scientists
policies and policy mechanisms at national and European levels following the Knowledge Society-inspired narratives and imperatives of measuring the economic and social impact of research (Meijer et al., 2015). Studies (Abreu and Grinevich, 2013) have shown that academics from different disciplines have varying likelihood to collaborate with external stakeholders or to commercialize their knowledge. Academics in professional and applied fields are more open to interaction with industry and broader society than those from basic disciplines, witnessed by numerous studies of patenting and spin-off creation activities (Sigl and Leisˇyt_e, 2018), even t
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